{ "reviewed": "2026-09-30", "inventory_counts": { "baseline": 215, "additional": 57, "total": 272 }, "source_reconciliation_complete": false, "scope": "Editorial evidence assessments for proposed applications; not confidence ratings for established science.", "counts": { "needs_review": 114, "insufficient_details": 129, "not_pursued": 29, "unclassified": 0 }, "records": [ { "title": "Softening a shock", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A spring-and-damper model explores protection of an inert instrument during a jolt.", "why_open": "The calculation does not establish a particular material or a working protective device.", "next_step": "Compare the model with documented component properties and state the limits of the idealization.", "id": "idea-001", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Motion and structures", "chapter": "Softening a shock", "chapter_url": "shock-isolation.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "A quieter listening environment", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Reducing background noise may make a recording easier to understand.", "why_open": "No measured acoustic improvement is attached to this proposed arrangement.", "next_step": "Define room conditions and compare intelligibility with and without the noise-control changes.", "id": "idea-002", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Hearing through noise", "chapter_url": "acoustics.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why noise hides speech", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A listening study could compare speech clarity as background noise increases.", "why_open": "The proposed application has no acoustic measurements; masking itself is established.", "next_step": "Choose a transparent speech-in-noise benchmark and report its conditions and limitations.", "id": "idea-003", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Hearing through noise", "chapter_url": "acoustics.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Separating overlapping voices", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Signal separation can be explored using known recordings mixed together.", "why_open": "The proposed listening system has no demonstrated recovery performance.", "next_step": "Use a consented or synthetic mixture with known components and compare recovered signals.", "id": "idea-004", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Hearing through noise", "chapter_url": "acoustics.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Does speaking louder help?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Increasing speech level can change how well words stand out from background noise.", "why_open": "The net benefit depends on clipping, distance and noise; it has not been measured here.", "next_step": "Compare intelligibility and distortion over a clearly specified range of ordinary recording levels.", "id": "idea-005", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Hearing through noise", "chapter_url": "acoustics.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "When repeating a message helps", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "An ideal channel model compares repetition under independent and correlated errors.", "why_open": "Its digital results do not demonstrate improved human speech comprehension.", "next_step": "Separate the coding result from a possible listening study and specify an appropriate outcome measure.", "id": "idea-006", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Sending information reliably", "chapter_url": "links.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Checking sound before recording", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A calibration step could identify an unusable recording before an important session.", "why_open": "The proposed quality check has no defined acceptance threshold or measured reliability.", "next_step": "List the recording checks and evaluate false acceptance and false rejection on known examples.", "id": "idea-007", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Hearing through noise", "chapter_url": "acoustics.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Listening and adjusting", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A listener could use feedback to adjust recording conditions.", "why_open": "The adjustment rule and whether a person or electronic controller performs it are unspecified.", "next_step": "Define the observation, adjustment and stopping rule before describing an automated controller.", "id": "idea-008", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Hearing through noise", "chapter_url": "acoustics.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Quiet spaces and anti-noise", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Passive treatment and local active cancellation address different sound-control problems.", "why_open": "Variable-wall performance and room-wide cancellation have not been demonstrated.", "next_step": "Compare established local-control examples and state the spatial limits of each approach.", "id": "idea-009", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Hearing through noise", "chapter_url": "acoustics.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Materials that change stiffness", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Responsive composites can illustrate changes in mechanical stiffness.", "why_open": "The particular membrane has no measured stiffness range, response time or durability.", "next_step": "Identify an established material system and compare its documented response with the proposed requirements.", "id": "idea-010", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "Materials that respond", "chapter_url": "materials.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Getting water to the roots", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Porous irrigation distributes water through a permeable pipe near roots.", "why_open": "The proposed design lacks dimensions, operating conditions and field results.", "next_step": "Build a water-balance example using documented permeability and compare relevant irrigation evidence.", "id": "idea-011", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Resources and living environments", "chapter": "Getting water to the roots", "chapter_url": "soil.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Animal welfare in automated systems", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "This entry records an excluded proposal for invasive animal control combined with automation.", "why_open": "Neither a defensible welfare case nor a demonstrated architecture supports pursuing it.", "next_step": "Retain the exclusion; discuss welfare-respecting agricultural automation only as a separate evidence-based topic.", "id": "idea-012", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "What makes a record trustworthy?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A record can be assessed through origin, custody and independent corroboration.", "why_open": "The proposed archival interpretation has not been established by independent evidence.", "next_step": "Keep original records distinct from copies and document which claims each record can support.", "id": "idea-013", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "How to trust a record", "chapter_url": "trust.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Designing moving play spaces", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Reconfigurable obstacles offer a way to explore accessible movement and play.", "why_open": "The proposed moving elements lack an implementable support mechanism and load specification.", "next_step": "Reframe around ordinary supports and define accessibility, loads and failure constraints.", "id": "idea-014", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How learning changes with feedback", "chapter_url": "learning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Checking a planet with basic physics", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Mass, radius and orbital quantities can be checked for internal consistency.", "why_open": "Consistent arithmetic does not establish that a particular object was observed or identified.", "next_step": "Use a documented astronomical dataset and distinguish measurement from assumed parameters.", "id": "idea-015", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Measuring a planet", "chapter_url": "planet.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Testing an astronomical object claim", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "This excluded entry concerns a proposed class of cold ring-shaped objects.", "why_open": "There are no coordinates, images or spectra with which to test the claim.", "next_step": "Keep the entry excluded unless identifiable observations become available; do not invent a discovery.", "id": "idea-016", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Bending light with warm gas", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A temperature gradient can change refractive index and bend light.", "why_open": "A practical optical arrangement has not been demonstrated by the proposed ray-tracing exercise.", "next_step": "Specify a bounded temperature profile and compare predicted deflection with established optical examples.", "id": "idea-017", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Bending light with a gradient", "chapter_url": "gradient.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Sampling an atmosphere", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "An atmospheric profile can be studied through remote observation or direct sampling.", "why_open": "The proposed instrument and the quantity actually measured are undefined.", "next_step": "Choose one measurement method and specify its sensitivity, altitude range and calibration needs.", "id": "idea-018", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading our changing environment", "chapter_url": "earth.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Turning sound into light and back", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A transduction chain can encode sound optically and later reproduce it.", "why_open": "The stated bandwidth is not backed by a measured end-to-end response.", "next_step": "Specify every conversion stage and compare bandwidth, noise and distortion across the chain.", "id": "idea-019", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Turning signals into records", "chapter_url": "records.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What enters the air we breathe?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Ventilation and contaminant removal can be studied with a simple indoor-air balance.", "why_open": "No health benefit is established for the proposed air-treatment arrangement.", "next_step": "Use documented air-quality evidence and avoid occupied exposure demonstrations with reactive gases.", "id": "idea-020", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Resources and living environments", "chapter": "Keeping food and spaces clean", "chapter_url": "hygiene.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Ethical limits in learning studies", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "This entry preserves the exclusion of a coercive intervention involving children.", "why_open": "The proposal presents potential harm and lacks reconstructible supporting data.", "next_step": "Keep it excluded; use voluntary, age-appropriate learning evidence for any educational discussion.", "id": "idea-021", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Why bits do not decode themselves", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Counting bits can reveal how many different interpretations remain possible.", "why_open": "The calculation demonstrates ambiguity rather than recovering a verified message.", "next_step": "Show alternative codebooks and identify what independent information would distinguish them.", "id": "idea-022", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "When a signal becomes a message", "chapter_url": "meaning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What would a biological clock measure?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A timing hypothesis needs a defined biological event and a readable signal.", "why_open": "The proposed timing constant has no supported observable or measurement procedure.", "next_step": "Use the idea to explain operational definitions without presenting a new biological constant.", "id": "idea-023", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "How do we test a biological idea?", "chapter_url": "evidence.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Helping a voice be heard", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Assistive phonation can be discussed through sound production and harmonics.", "why_open": "The proposed apparatus has not demonstrated intelligibility or user benefit.", "next_step": "Compare documented assistive technologies and clearly separate their evidence from the untested design.", "id": "idea-024", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Hearing through noise", "chapter_url": "acoustics.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Genes, learning and inherited information", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Genetic development and learned information involve different forms of transmission.", "why_open": "The proposed inheritance of learned semantic memories is not demonstrated.", "next_step": "Explain established inheritance mechanisms and identify where the additional claim exceeds the evidence.", "id": "idea-025", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "What living systems pass on", "chapter_url": "inheritance.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Making a behavior hypothesis testable", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "This excluded idea attributes behavior to an unspecified atomic mechanism.", "why_open": "It supplies neither a measurable effect nor a testable mechanism.", "next_step": "Preserve the exclusion and teach how an operational hypothesis differs from an unsupported explanation.", "id": "idea-026", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Radiation and causal evidence", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Radiation effects require a chain linking exposure, biological change and outcome.", "why_open": "The proposed population-level explanation lacks the evidence needed for that causal chain.", "next_step": "Discuss confounding and exposure evidence using published, ethically obtained observations.", "id": "idea-027", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "Radiation, shielding and evidence", "chapter_url": "attenuation.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Radiation and reproductive-cell effects", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A conceptual discussion can distinguish radiation exposure from claims of selective targeting.", "why_open": "The suggested gravity-guided targeting has not been demonstrated.", "next_step": "Limit the discussion to established interaction principles and evidence requirements; propose no reproductive intervention.", "id": "idea-028", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "Radiation, shielding and evidence", "chapter_url": "attenuation.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What can guide evolutionary change?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Evolutionary explanations need a defined process of variation, inheritance and selection.", "why_open": "The suggested atomic-memory mechanism has no operational model or measured prediction.", "next_step": "Compare it with established mechanisms and state why no faithful simulation follows from the available description.", "id": "idea-029", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "What living systems pass on", "chapter_url": "inheritance.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Association is not a mechanism", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "An organism-outcome association can motivate a question without establishing causation.", "why_open": "No samples or controlled comparison support the proposed microbial explanation.", "next_step": "Teach the distinction between association and mechanism using independently documented examples.", "id": "idea-030", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "How do we test a biological idea?", "chapter_url": "evidence.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What targeted treatment would require", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Targeting and spatial resolution help explain how treatment claims are evaluated.", "why_open": "The proposed remote intervention has no clinical evidence or established targeting performance.", "next_step": "Present evidence requirements and established measurement limits without proposing treatment or exposure instructions.", "id": "idea-031", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "What a biological measurement means", "chapter_url": "biosignals.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What makes a world habitable?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Environmental constraints can be compared without reducing habitability to one number.", "why_open": "The proposed composite score and body-form predictions are not validated.", "next_step": "Use measurable environmental factors and show how assumptions affect any illustrative ranking.", "id": "idea-032", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading a distant world", "chapter_url": "worlds.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "A frequency needs an observable", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A calculated frequency becomes a measurement only when connected to an observable signal.", "why_open": "No defined neural signal or instrument supports the proposed interpretation.", "next_step": "Specify what would be observed and distinguish numerical conversion from biological evidence.", "id": "idea-033", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "What a biological measurement means", "chapter_url": "biosignals.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Resistance and virulence differ", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Resistance and disease severity describe different outcomes.", "why_open": "The proposed precise long-range forecast has no supported predictive model.", "next_step": "Use published comparisons to explain uncertainty without designing biological manipulation.", "id": "idea-034", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "What living systems pass on", "chapter_url": "inheritance.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Atmospheres, radiation and dose", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A dose-scale calculation can illustrate how environmental exposure assumptions matter.", "why_open": "It does not validate the proposed population-genetics explanation.", "next_step": "Expose the dose assumptions and separate physical estimates from unsupported biological conclusions.", "id": "idea-035", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "Radiation, shielding and evidence", "chapter_url": "attenuation.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Can we predict the shape of life?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Functional constraints may help explain recurring forms in living systems.", "why_open": "They do not establish a universal body plan or a reliable morphology predictor.", "next_step": "Compare documented convergence examples while retaining counterexamples and uncertainty.", "id": "idea-036", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading a distant world", "chapter_url": "worlds.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Evidence for a biological specimen", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "This excluded proposal concerns unidentified organisms and products derived from them.", "why_open": "No specimen, classification or composition permits scientific assessment.", "next_step": "Retain the exclusion rather than create species descriptions or nutritional claims.", "id": "idea-037", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "What ultrasound can detect", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Acoustic resolution and interaction limits help evaluate diagnostic claims.", "why_open": "The proposed remote virus detection and sequence alteration have no validating data.", "next_step": "Explain established ultrasound constraints and avoid presenting the proposed intervention as a usable technique.", "id": "idea-038", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "What a biological measurement means", "chapter_url": "biosignals.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Rooms that move and change", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Movable partitions can be explored through loads, supports and locking mechanisms.", "why_open": "The proposed lifting mechanism is not specified well enough to evaluate.", "next_step": "Use ordinary mechanisms and document loads, clearances and failure behavior before making performance claims.", "id": "idea-039", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Robots and automated systems", "chapter": "Spaces that change with us", "chapter_url": "spaces.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Designing hygienic collection systems", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Containment, leakage and cleanability provide useful design criteria.", "why_open": "The proposed neutralization process has no defined chemistry or validated performance.", "next_step": "Describe measurable containment requirements and keep unverified treatment claims separate.", "id": "idea-040", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Resources and living environments", "chapter": "Keeping food and spaces clean", "chapter_url": "hygiene.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What a protective film must do", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A protective layer must balance adhesion, permeability and durability.", "why_open": "No tested formulation supports the proposed skin application.", "next_step": "Use inert-material examples and documented properties without giving application or health advice.", "id": "idea-041", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "What a surface can do", "chapter_url": "surfaces.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Seeing a pattern too soon", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Early labels can make an ambiguous pattern seem more certain than it is.", "why_open": "The proposed interpretation lacks a comparison against competing explanations.", "next_step": "Show several plausible readings and the evidence that would discriminate among them.", "id": "idea-042", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "When a signal becomes a message", "chapter_url": "meaning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Fatigue and understanding", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Reading performance may depend on schedule, attention and fatigue.", "why_open": "The combined proposed routine has no measured benefit here.", "next_step": "Specify a comprehension outcome and compare relevant evidence rather than assume a universal schedule.", "id": "idea-043", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How learning changes with feedback", "chapter_url": "learning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Addressing the right receiver", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Message addressing separates the intended recipient from the transmission medium.", "why_open": "The proposed biological channel lacks a demonstrated coupling mechanism.", "next_step": "Explain addressing using a conventional channel without implying the unspecified channel works.", "id": "idea-044", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Sending information reliably", "chapter_url": "links.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "From stored message to reader", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Storage and transmission are separate stages of a communication system.", "why_open": "The proposed capsule lacks a source specification and decoding method.", "next_step": "Define a safe conventional storage-to-reader chain and its required interfaces.", "id": "idea-045", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Turning signals into records", "chapter_url": "records.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What a communication link needs", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A communication proposal needs a transmitter, coupling path, receiver and noise budget.", "why_open": "No working transmitter-receiver architecture supports the proposed medium.", "next_step": "Use a conventional link-budget example and clearly mark the missing mechanism.", "id": "idea-046", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Sending information reliably", "chapter_url": "links.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Limits of responsible project selection", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "This entry records an excluded proposal for remote incapacitation.", "why_open": "It lacks a testable apparatus and offers no constructive, evidenced application.", "next_step": "Preserve the exclusion without developing an implementation.", "id": "idea-047", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Analog and digital computation together", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Hybrid computing combines physical signals with discrete processing.", "why_open": "The proposed implementation has no benchmark or demonstrated processor.", "next_step": "Compare documented architectures against a defined workload rather than claim a new computing advantage.", "id": "idea-048", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "How physical systems compute", "chapter_url": "computation.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why cooling evenly matters", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Thermal gradients can create uneven cooling and mechanical stress.", "why_open": "A heat-diffusion lesson does not establish a preservation device or biological viability.", "next_step": "Keep diffusion, phase change and preservation outcomes distinct and validate only the model actually implemented.", "id": "idea-049", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Following the heat", "chapter_url": "heat.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Can a command arrive intact?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A synthetic frame study explores error detection in transmitted commands.", "why_open": "Passing an integrity check does not demonstrate an acoustic actuator or safe action.", "next_step": "Explain the boundary between message integrity, command interpretation and physical execution.", "id": "idea-050", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Sending information reliably", "chapter_url": "links.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Should a machine obey?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A controller can check state, authorization and confirmation before acting.", "why_open": "Plausible timing does not verify identity or demonstrate a complete safe-control system.", "next_step": "Show separate checks and failure cases using a harmless simulated controller.", "id": "idea-051", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Robots and automated systems", "chapter": "When should a machine act?", "chapter_url": "control.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why wavelength alone is not enough", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Material interaction depends on delivered energy as well as wavelength.", "why_open": "The proposed compact tool lacks the power, focusing and coupling information needed for evaluation.", "next_step": "Explain energy accounting at a conceptual level without constructing a hazardous tool.", "id": "idea-052", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Turning sunlight into useful heat", "chapter_url": "radiation.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Sensory environments and development", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Developmental studies must account for variation, outcomes and measurement.", "why_open": "The proposed infant stimulation programme has no validated benefit.", "next_step": "Use existing developmental evidence and avoid prescribing an untested programme.", "id": "idea-053", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How learning changes with feedback", "chapter_url": "learning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Stress, meals and evidence", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Context and controlled comparison matter when evaluating eating-related claims.", "why_open": "No universal therapeutic benefit is established for the proposed routine.", "next_step": "Present it as an evidence question and distinguish general observations from individual medical advice.", "id": "idea-054", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "How do we test a biological idea?", "chapter_url": "evidence.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Following the chain of evidence", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A synthetic provenance model shows why dependent reports add limited support.", "why_open": "The model cannot authenticate the particular records being assessed.", "next_step": "Track dependency and seek genuinely independent corroboration for each factual claim.", "id": "idea-055", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "How to trust a record", "chapter_url": "trust.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why missing context matters", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Incomplete records can change how a statement is interpreted.", "why_open": "An interpretation remains uncertain when its surrounding material is unavailable.", "next_step": "Identify missing context explicitly and avoid filling gaps with assumptions.", "id": "idea-056", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "How to trust a record", "chapter_url": "trust.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "How copies spread a claim", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Repeated copies can spread information without creating new evidence.", "why_open": "No independently verified circulation result establishes the proposed interpretation.", "next_step": "Distinguish copying relationships from independent observations in a provenance diagram.", "id": "idea-057", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "How to trust a record", "chapter_url": "trust.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Moving dust with electric fields", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Electric fields can exert forces on particles under specified conditions.", "why_open": "Voltage alone does not specify electrode geometry, particle charge or a working shield.", "next_step": "Compare a documented dust-control system and list the missing design parameters.", "id": "idea-058", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "What a surface can do", "chapter_url": "surfaces.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Does one missed day erase a habit?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Learning can be explored as a gradual process with variable retention.", "why_open": "The proposed absolute reset rule is unsupported.", "next_step": "Use evidence on retention and spacing to replace the all-or-nothing claim with an explicitly limited model.", "id": "idea-059", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How learning changes with feedback", "chapter_url": "learning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Feedback and educational judgment", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Feedback can support learning without claiming to measure a person's moral character.", "why_open": "The proposed profiling system has no demonstrated validity.", "next_step": "Separate learning outcomes from unsupported personal judgments and use transparent assessment criteria.", "id": "idea-060", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How learning changes with feedback", "chapter_url": "learning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why isolation is not a learning shortcut", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "This excluded proposal uses isolation as an educational intervention.", "why_open": "Its asserted protective benefit is unsupported and potential harm remains.", "next_step": "Keep it excluded and discuss supportive learning environments through established evidence.", "id": "idea-061", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "When an adaptive score can be trusted", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Synthetic calibration can reveal where a predictive score fails.", "why_open": "It does not validate psychological, biological or compatibility judgments.", "next_step": "State the target outcome and dataset limits, and show uncertainty and error rather than personal labels.", "id": "idea-062", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How learning changes with feedback", "chapter_url": "learning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Reading, spacing and discussion", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A learning design can combine reading, spaced practice and discussion.", "why_open": "The combined proposed protocol has no measured outcome here.", "next_step": "Compare evidence for its components and distinguish that from evidence for the full programme.", "id": "idea-063", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How learning changes with feedback", "chapter_url": "learning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Where a generator gets its energy", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Induction transfers energy while producing a mechanical reaction.", "why_open": "The proposed installation has no quantified input-output demonstration.", "next_step": "Account for all energy inputs and losses without implying energy is created.", "id": "idea-064", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Where the energy comes from", "chapter_url": "energy.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Measuring a biological event indirectly", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "An indirect sensor requires evidence connecting its signal to the event of interest.", "why_open": "The proposed cortical detection and remote cycle control lack validated signals and mechanisms.", "next_step": "Explain signal validity conceptually without offering fertility control or medical instructions.", "id": "idea-065", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "What a biological measurement means", "chapter_url": "biosignals.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why fast air becomes hot", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Thermodynamic calculations can relate flow speed to temperature under stated assumptions.", "why_open": "Those calculations do not demonstrate the proposed remote control of molecular motion.", "next_step": "Present conventional flow physics and mark the additional control claim as unestablished.", "id": "idea-066", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Following the heat", "chapter_url": "heat.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Voice commands in a critical machine", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Speech recognition is one interface within a larger control system.", "why_open": "A recognized command neither generates lift nor verifies the proposed vehicle.", "next_step": "Use a harmless simulated interface and separate recognition errors from vehicle performance.", "id": "idea-067", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Robots and automated systems", "chapter": "When should a machine act?", "chapter_url": "control.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "How preservation affects food", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Preservation must be evaluated against defined product and safety outcomes.", "why_open": "The proposed irradiation process lacks a validated specification and product evidence.", "next_step": "Compare established preservation literature without supplying an unvalidated treatment protocol.", "id": "idea-068", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Resources and living environments", "chapter": "Keeping food and spaces clean", "chapter_url": "hygiene.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Furniture with controllable supports", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Adjustable supports can change a surface's shape and load distribution.", "why_open": "The proposed support and disposal mechanisms lack sufficient engineering detail.", "next_step": "Reframe around conventional supports and quantify geometry, loads and material handling limits.", "id": "idea-069", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Robots and automated systems", "chapter": "Spaces that change with us", "chapter_url": "spaces.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Combining movement and mental challenge", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A game may combine physical activity with cognitive tasks.", "why_open": "The proposed whole-person benefit and individualized prescription have no trial evidence.", "next_step": "Describe the activity and measurable outcomes without making therapeutic or universal benefit claims.", "id": "idea-070", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How learning changes with feedback", "chapter_url": "learning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Seeing beneath the ground", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Geophysical methods infer subsurface properties from limited observations.", "why_open": "The proposed instrument has no validated resolution or penetration performance.", "next_step": "Compare documented sensing methods and show the ambiguity of their reconstructions.", "id": "idea-071", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading our changing environment", "chapter_url": "earth.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Inferring a planet's interior", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Mass and radius constrain average density and possible interior models.", "why_open": "They do not uniquely establish internal layers or reservoirs.", "next_step": "Show multiple interiors consistent with the same bulk measurements and identify additional observations needed.", "id": "idea-072", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Measuring a planet", "chapter_url": "planet.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Can earthquakes be controlled?", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Distinguish monitoring a fault from controlling an earthquake.", "why_open": "No measured intervention or causal mechanism supports earthquake suppression.", "next_step": "Retain a monitoring and causal-evidence lesson; do not pursue fault or volcano intervention.", "id": "idea-073", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading our changing environment", "chapter_url": "earth.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Measuring natural gas emissions", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Sample gases to learn about a geological environment.", "why_open": "Sampling geometry, probe design and measured gas composition are absent.", "next_step": "Specify a sampling method and compare calibrated measurements with background controls.", "id": "idea-074", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading our changing environment", "chapter_url": "earth.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Seeing underground with particles", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A proposed underground imaging system would identify buried objects by shape, colour, density and chemical composition, including their interiors. Although described as non-destructive, its receiver would enter the ground by melting rock and purportedly converting the residue to hydrogen gas.", "why_open": "Existing interaction calculations do not demonstrate the claimed fine resolution or material identification. There are no original readings, validated reconstructions or independent measurements of the claimed conversion. Leaving a buried object in place does not mean that the surrounding ground is undisturbed.", "next_step": "Assess the sensing, receiver access and image interpretation separately using existing documentation and reference comparisons. Check detection rates, resolution, composition accuracy and disturbance before treating a scalable 3D display as a verified underground measurement.", "id": "idea-075", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading our changing environment", "chapter_url": "earth.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Can reflected light reveal an ocean?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Ask whether reflected light could distinguish oceans from other surfaces.", "why_open": "No observational light curves or independently checked surface maps support the proposed inference.", "next_step": "Test explicit ocean and non-ocean models against a documented observing geometry.", "id": "idea-076", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading a distant world", "chapter_url": "worlds.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What makes a selection test valid?", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Examine why a test score cannot establish a person's right or ability to govern.", "why_open": "Physiological screening has no defined predictive target or demonstrated political validity.", "next_step": "Keep a lesson on validity and bias; do not develop physiological political selection.", "id": "idea-077", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "How do we test a biological idea?", "chapter_url": "evidence.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Turning preferences into a schedule", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Combine individual preferences into a shared schedule.", "why_open": "The aggregation example has no demonstrated fairness, robustness or security guarantees.", "next_step": "Declare the decision rule and test ties, minority preferences and strategic inputs.", "id": "idea-078", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How groups make decisions", "chapter_url": "collective.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Designing a fair behavioral study", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Design an association study with transparent sampling and scoring.", "why_open": "No comparative dataset establishes the suggested behavioral interpretation.", "next_step": "Define a voluntary study, coding rules and a held-out comparison before drawing conclusions.", "id": "idea-079", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "How do we test a biological idea?", "chapter_url": "evidence.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Feedback in shared decision systems", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Explore delay and feedback in a shared decision model.", "why_open": "Synthetic control results do not establish acceptable or effective social intervention.", "next_step": "Stress-test the model's assumptions and separate technical stability from legitimate decision making.", "id": "idea-080", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How groups make decisions", "chapter_url": "collective.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Where heating energy comes from", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Track energy entering a proposed heating system.", "why_open": "A gravitational heating description supplies no usable energy source or absorption mechanism.", "next_step": "Require a complete energy balance and coupling mechanism; teach conventional heating separately.", "id": "idea-081", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Where the energy comes from", "chapter_url": "energy.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Making gravity by spinning", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Calculate the acceleration produced by a rotating habitat.", "why_open": "Rotational mechanics is established, but the project has no built habitat or comfort assessment.", "next_step": "Extend radius and spin calculations to structural loads and clearly bounded human-factor evidence.", "id": "idea-082", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Motion and structures", "chapter": "Falling around a planet", "chapter_url": "orbits.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Measuring gravity on a moving platform", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Separate gravity from motion in a moving sensor.", "why_open": "The proposed ion-based instrument has no specified response, noise or calibration.", "next_step": "Define a sensor transfer function and test acceleration cross-sensitivity in simulation.", "id": "idea-083", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Navigation and measurement", "chapter": "When sensors disagree", "chapter_url": "fusion.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Protective films and cleanliness", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Compare a protective film with actual removal of contamination.", "why_open": "No film formulation or measured hygiene performance is available.", "next_step": "Specify barrier, removal and durability tests on nonbiological samples before making hygiene claims.", "id": "idea-084", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "Materials that respond", "chapter_url": "materials.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Testing a hidden mechanism", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Use hidden mechanisms as an example of the need for independent evidence.", "why_open": "The mechanism has no corroborated apparatus or distinct reproducible scientific contribution.", "next_step": "Retain only the evidential lesson; do not treat it as a development project.", "id": "idea-085", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Why zooming does not create detail", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Show why enlarging an image does not restore unrecorded detail.", "why_open": "The proposed image recovery lacks raw images and an independently known reference.", "next_step": "Use a declared test image to measure resolution and label all synthesized detail.", "id": "idea-086", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "How much can a picture reveal?", "chapter_url": "imaging.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What can an orbital camera resolve?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Estimate the detail an orbital camera could resolve.", "why_open": "Aperture, sampling and observing conditions do not establish the proposed identification capability.", "next_step": "Build a complete resolution budget and compare simulated targets with a known reference.", "id": "idea-087", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "How much can a picture reveal?", "chapter_url": "imaging.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "How light becomes a stored image", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Follow the conversion from light exposure to a stored image.", "why_open": "Development, fixation and material response are not specified for the proposed medium.", "next_step": "Define a material stack and readout process before estimating image stability or resolution.", "id": "idea-088", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "How much can a picture reveal?", "chapter_url": "imaging.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Seeing beyond visible light", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Relate detector bands to wavelengths beyond visible light.", "why_open": "Spectral conversions constrain the proposal but do not demonstrate a working camera.", "next_step": "Specify detectors, illumination and band response, then compare with calibrated reference spectra.", "id": "idea-089", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Seeing beyond visible light", "chapter_url": "spectral.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Sending a different image to each eye", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Direct different views toward each eye to create depth.", "why_open": "Angular selection is established, but the proposed recording medium has no reproducible write/read mechanism.", "next_step": "Separate conventional stereo optics from the missing medium specification.", "id": "idea-090", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "How two views create depth", "chapter_url": "stereo.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What does atomic resolution mean?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Ask what interaction could support atomic-scale imaging.", "why_open": "The proposed gravitational modality lacks a defined signal, detector and resolution budget.", "next_step": "Require an interaction and sensitivity model; compare only with documented imaging mechanisms.", "id": "idea-091", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "How much can a picture reveal?", "chapter_url": "imaging.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Imaging a scene in darkness", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Explain how a detector can image a scene without visible illumination.", "why_open": "The proposed system gives no usable illumination, detector response or measured images.", "next_step": "Specify the spectral band and photon budget before predicting nighttime performance.", "id": "idea-092", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Seeing beyond visible light", "chapter_url": "spectral.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Seeing living tissue in three dimensions", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Explore tradeoffs between depth, resolution and frame rate in tissue imaging.", "why_open": "Neither the proposed instrument nor image sequence is available for evaluation.", "next_step": "Define the imaging interaction and compare resolution against a documented reference target.", "id": "idea-093", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "How two views create depth", "chapter_url": "stereo.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Can one signal carry two messages?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Compare two messages encoded into different features of a signal.", "why_open": "Extra comprehension or learning has not been measured for the proposed encoding.", "next_step": "Define the two channels and compare decoding errors against a single-message baseline.", "id": "idea-094", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "When a signal becomes a message", "chapter_url": "meaning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Sharing limited computing resources", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Allocate limited computing resources among competing tasks.", "why_open": "A runnable synthetic policy comparison exists; its workload is not an operational deployment.", "next_step": "Test unseen workloads, overload and fairness before claiming a practical allocation benefit.", "id": "idea-095", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "Doing more with limited resources", "chapter_url": "resources.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Designing a message without a shared language", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Design messages for recipients who do not share a language.", "why_open": "There is no inspectable message corpus with an independently verified interpretation.", "next_step": "Construct an explicit example and test alternative decodings without assuming a shared code.", "id": "idea-096", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "When a signal becomes a message", "chapter_url": "meaning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "A robot follows a recipe", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Represent food preparation as a sequence with fault checks.", "why_open": "The proposed appliance has no component design or validated integration.", "next_step": "Specify one nonhazardous workflow, sensors and failure responses before evaluating automation.", "id": "idea-097", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Robots and automated systems", "chapter": "How machines coordinate work", "chapter_url": "workflows.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Keeping three feet on uneven ground", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Relate a three-foot support to balance and ground loading.", "why_open": "Dimensions, load distribution and ground properties are missing from the landing-gear proposal.", "next_step": "Define geometry and loads, then calculate tipping margin and contact pressure.", "id": "idea-098", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Motion and structures", "chapter": "Why structures stay standing", "chapter_url": "structure.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "When a life support sensor fails", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Test how alarms react to failed environmental sensors.", "why_open": "Fault-injection simulations exist but do not qualify a life-support controller.", "next_step": "Expand fault combinations and recovery cases; keep simulated behavior separate from certified operation.", "id": "idea-099", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Resources and living environments", "chapter": "Can we close the resource loop?", "chapter_url": "loops.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Closing the air and water loops", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Balance air and water inputs, recycling and losses.", "why_open": "Conventional filtration is understandable, but the proposed gas supply includes unspecified element conversion.", "next_step": "Use explicit conventional processes and mass balances; exclude undefined conversion from supply estimates.", "id": "idea-100", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Resources and living environments", "chapter": "Can we close the resource loop?", "chapter_url": "loops.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Checking whether an environment is usable", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Evaluate atmosphere, water and food as separate environmental requirements.", "why_open": "No measurements establish the proposed environment's overall usability.", "next_step": "Define acceptance criteria and trace each conclusion to a specific measured property.", "id": "idea-101", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Resources and living environments", "chapter": "Can we close the resource loop?", "chapter_url": "loops.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "How much language can one sentence reveal?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Show why one sentence is compatible with many possible grammars.", "why_open": "The available example does not constrain a unique grammar or decoding system.", "next_step": "Require a larger independently labeled corpus and test predictions on unseen sentences.", "id": "idea-102", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "How do we test a biological idea?", "chapter_url": "evidence.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Sending bits through an optical link", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Model bit errors in a conventional optical communication link.", "why_open": "A classical on-off-keying calculation exists; it does not establish unconventional or instantaneous transmission.", "next_step": "Check bandwidth, noise and latency with a fully specified conventional link budget.", "id": "idea-103", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Sending information reliably", "chapter_url": "links.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Finding a radio source", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Estimate a radio source location from directional observations.", "why_open": "A transmission duration is not a position measurement, and directional data are missing.", "next_step": "Specify receiver positions, bearings and uncertainty before producing a location estimate.", "id": "idea-104", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Navigation and measurement", "chapter": "Finding your position from angles", "chapter_url": "localization.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Separating a planet from its star", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Distinguish a planet's signal from its much brighter host star.", "why_open": "No resolving dataset supports attribution of the proposed signal to the planet.", "next_step": "Compare angular separation, contrast and competing source explanations using documented data.", "id": "idea-105", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading a distant world", "chapter_url": "worlds.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Moving capsules through a network", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Study how capsules move through a routed transport network.", "why_open": "The proposed network has no dimensions, capacity or verified delivery performance.", "next_step": "Define tube geometry, loads and routing rules before evaluating bottlenecks and faults.", "id": "idea-106", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Robots and automated systems", "chapter": "How machines coordinate work", "chapter_url": "workflows.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Turning electrical energy into light", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Connect electrical input, photon energy and emitted color.", "why_open": "Wavelength arithmetic does not specify a luminous material or demonstrate its color range.", "next_step": "Require composition, excitation and measured emission spectra with an energy budget.", "id": "idea-107", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Turning sunlight into useful heat", "chapter_url": "radiation.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why equally warm surfaces can look different", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Explain why surfaces at equal temperature can have different radiance.", "why_open": "The proposed surfaces lack specified temperature, emissivity and spectral conditions.", "next_step": "Choose a defined material and band, then compare calibrated radiance with a thermal model.", "id": "idea-108", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Turning sunlight into useful heat", "chapter_url": "radiation.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "An atmosphere is only one part of habitability", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Treat atmospheric conditions as one component of habitability.", "why_open": "An atmospheric description alone cannot establish biological activity or overall habitability.", "next_step": "Evaluate water, chemistry and environmental history separately, with explicit evidence for each.", "id": "idea-109", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading a distant world", "chapter_url": "worlds.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Identifying minerals from spectra", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Compare mineral spectra while allowing mixed and ambiguous matches.", "why_open": "The proposed reference-library classification has not been executed.", "next_step": "Run a documented library comparison with calibration, mixtures and held-out spectra.", "id": "idea-110", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Seeing beyond visible light", "chapter_url": "spectral.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Could a chemical signal come from life?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Compare biological and nonbiological explanations for a chemical signal.", "why_open": "The proposed discrimination study remains unexecuted and has no decisive controls.", "next_step": "Define abiotic alternatives and independent measurements before assigning a biological interpretation.", "id": "idea-111", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading a distant world", "chapter_url": "worlds.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Organic molecules are not a life detection", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Separate detection of organic molecules from detection of active life.", "why_open": "The claimed detection has no accessible samples or specified instrumentation.", "next_step": "Require sample provenance, analytical controls and independent metabolic evidence.", "id": "idea-112", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading a distant world", "chapter_url": "worlds.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Shaping liquid optical elements", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Shape a liquid optical surface using conventional forces.", "why_open": "An unspecified pressure does not establish weight cancellation or an optical design.", "next_step": "Define surface tension, geometry and applied forces for a conventional liquid-lens model.", "id": "idea-113", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "Materials that respond", "chapter_url": "materials.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "When a liquid becomes a gel", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Measure how an identified material changes between liquid-like and gel-like behavior.", "why_open": "Composition and transition curves are absent from the proposed responsive material.", "next_step": "Select a defined material and measure rheology against temperature or another declared stimulus.", "id": "idea-114", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "Materials that respond", "chapter_url": "materials.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Turning local rock into useful materials", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Compare extracting useful substances from rock with changing chemical elements.", "why_open": "The proposed element conversion provides no reaction route, energy requirement or yield.", "next_step": "Keep extraction calculations separate; require a complete physical process before evaluating conversion.", "id": "idea-115", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "From raw material to useful shape", "chapter_url": "making.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Measuring how a material stretches", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Use stress-strain curves to explain strength and measurement uncertainty.", "why_open": "The tensile protocol is synthetic and no physical sample supports the proposed material performance.", "next_step": "Compare the protocol with measured reference-material data before claiming material properties.", "id": "idea-116", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "How materials bend and stretch", "chapter_url": "strength.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Counting in different bases", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Check arithmetic written in different positional bases.", "why_open": "Positional arithmetic is established; the project's examples still require explicit correction and verification.", "next_step": "Recalculate each example with declared digit rules and publish the checks.", "id": "idea-117", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "Counting is not measuring", "chapter_url": "measurement.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What makes a mathematical proof?", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Distinguish a mathematical assertion from a formal proof.", "why_open": "No valid rule set or derivation supports the proposed theorem claim.", "next_step": "Retain a proof-checking lesson; do not present the assertion as a mathematical advance.", "id": "idea-118", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "More than true and false", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Explore formal logics with more than two truth values.", "why_open": "The particular proposed system has no defined syntax, semantics or inference rules.", "next_step": "Choose an established logic for teaching, or obtain complete rules before testing the proposed one.", "id": "idea-119", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "What a model can tell us", "chapter_url": "models.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Keeping a flowing liquid at temperature", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Balance heat input and losses in a flowing liquid.", "why_open": "Heat-transfer models are available, but no bench result validates the proposed dispensing apparatus.", "next_step": "Specify flow, inlet temperature and heat losses, then compare the model with a bounded bench test.", "id": "idea-120", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Following the heat", "chapter_url": "heat.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Testing a treatment claim", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Explain what evidence would be needed to support a treatment claim.", "why_open": "The proposed remedies have no reproducible efficacy, dosage or clinical evidence and include hazardous exposure.", "next_step": "Keep the evidence-assessment entry; do not formulate, recommend or test the remedies on people.", "id": "idea-121", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "How physical systems store information", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Describe information storage as distinguishable physical states with a readout.", "why_open": "The proposed crystal memory lacks a write mechanism, stability data and reliable readout specification.", "next_step": "Define states, write energy, retention and error rate before estimating storage capability.", "id": "idea-122", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "How physical systems compute", "chapter_url": "computation.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Models of memory need measurable predictions", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Ask a memory model to produce measurable predictions.", "why_open": "The proposed account has no operational variables or testable storage pathway.", "next_step": "Retain the distinction between explanation and speculation; use independent neuroscience for further teaching.", "id": "idea-123", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Random events and stable measurements", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Show how random event counts produce measurement uncertainty.", "why_open": "Decay statistics are simulated; no physical instrument realizes the proposed unit.", "next_step": "Check statistical assumptions and distinguish unit arithmetic from an actual traceable realization.", "id": "idea-124", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "Counting is not measuring", "chapter_url": "measurement.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "A conversion is not a calibration", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Separate converting a number from calibrating a measuring device.", "why_open": "The proposed unit has no physical realization or traceable calibration chain.", "next_step": "Specify a reference, realization procedure and uncertainty before treating conversion as measurement.", "id": "idea-125", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "Counting is not measuring", "chapter_url": "measurement.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Finding a mixture that meets a target", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Use measured feedback to adjust a mixture toward a target.", "why_open": "No formulation, dosing response or reproducibility data define the proposed mixer.", "next_step": "Declare ingredients and target properties, then compare fixed dosing with measured feedback.", "id": "idea-126", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Robots and automated systems", "chapter": "How machines coordinate work", "chapter_url": "workflows.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Recognizing a pattern of stars", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Recognize star patterns to estimate orientation.", "why_open": "Synthetic pattern matching does not establish operational accuracy or absolute position.", "next_step": "Test catalog errors, false matches and unseen star fields; separate attitude from position.", "id": "idea-127", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Navigation and measurement", "chapter": "Finding direction from the stars", "chapter_url": "stars.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Finding your position from angles", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Estimate position from measured angles and examine unfavorable geometry.", "why_open": "Geometry calculations are established, but the proposed beacons have no measured observations.", "next_step": "Validate assumed bearing errors and reference positions against an independent benchmark.", "id": "idea-128", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Navigation and measurement", "chapter": "Finding your position from angles", "chapter_url": "localization.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Limits of mapping and changing a brain", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Examine the evidence required for precise brain measurement and intervention.", "why_open": "The invasive combined system lacks an instrument, targeting accuracy and clinical evidence.", "next_step": "Retain a limitations entry; do not develop or apply the invasive proposal.", "id": "idea-129", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "When a recommendation needs clinical evidence", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Distinguish a neurological recommendation from a validated diagnosis.", "why_open": "The proposed instantaneous system has no defined sensor, diagnostic target or outcome data.", "next_step": "Require a clearly bounded task and independent clinical evidence before any diagnostic claim.", "id": "idea-130", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "How do we test a biological idea?", "chapter_url": "evidence.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Where the atoms in food come from", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Account for the elements and energy required to produce food.", "why_open": "The proposal conflates chemical synthesis with unspecified nuclear element conversion.", "next_step": "Build a conventional elemental balance; exclude undefined conversion from feasibility claims.", "id": "idea-131", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Where the energy comes from", "chapter_url": "energy.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Producing food from defined inputs", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Track inputs, outputs and losses in a defined food-production process.", "why_open": "No process, yield or safety measurements support the proposed production system.", "next_step": "Select a conventional process and document mass balance, energy demand and product qualification.", "id": "idea-132", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Resources and living environments", "chapter": "Can we close the resource loop?", "chapter_url": "loops.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Balancing competing mission goals", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Compare mission choices when objectives compete.", "why_open": "A synthetic Pareto study exists, but its objectives and constraints are not validated mission requirements.", "next_step": "Test sensitivity to assumptions and evaluate options against independently justified constraints.", "id": "idea-133", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "Doing more with limited resources", "chapter_url": "resources.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Choosing whether a mission is feasible", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Decide whether a mission satisfies explicit operational constraints.", "why_open": "The proposal supplies restrictions but no quantitative trajectory or feasibility model.", "next_step": "Define resources, timing and success criteria before calculating feasible choices.", "id": "idea-134", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "Doing more with limited resources", "chapter_url": "resources.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Scheduling for attention and fatigue", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Study how scheduling interacts with attention and fatigue.", "why_open": "No measured universal reading interval or fatigue threshold supports the proposed schedule.", "next_step": "Compare declared schedules with separate accuracy, effort and duration measures.", "id": "idea-135", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How learning changes with feedback", "chapter_url": "learning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Checking a reported mission timeline", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Distinguish a timeline from verified operational performance.", "why_open": "The chronology contains no independent measurements from which to derive a usable mission model.", "next_step": "Retain only a traceability note; do not infer capability from a sequence of assertions.", "id": "idea-136", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Seeing depth without special glasses", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Conventional displays can send different views toward the two eyes to create a sense of depth. The accounts describe colour photographs viewed in depth without a separate viewing apparatus and a pocket-sized screen showing moving scenes with apparent depth. Their optical construction is not supplied.", "why_open": "The screen is said to be controlled by another device, but its display optics, viewing conditions and image source are not defined. The claims do not establish holography, accurate scene reconstruction or a particular way of directing light to the eyes.", "next_step": "Separate the photographs, moving display and image-capture claims. For a defined conventional display, map the positions from which depth is visible and measure unwanted mixing between the left and right views. Such a comparison could explain glasses-free depth viewing; it would not demonstrate the described screen.", "id": "idea-137", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "How two views create depth", "chapter_url": "stereo.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "How an optical shutter changes a light path", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Switch or redirect a beam with an optical shutter.", "why_open": "The proposed gas-prism and liquid switching arrangement lacks quantified optical behavior.", "next_step": "Define refractive indices, geometry and switching dynamics using a safe conventional example.", "id": "idea-138", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "How much can a picture reveal?", "chapter_url": "imaging.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "A material that darkens in light", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Use photochromism to explain reversible changes in light transmission.", "why_open": "A direct eye-coating application has no formulation or safety evidence; established photochromism does not validate it.", "next_step": "Do not pursue eye application; restrict teaching comparisons to characterized external materials.", "id": "idea-139", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "Materials that respond", "chapter_url": "materials.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why an orbit keeps falling around Earth", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Calculate orbital speed and period from explicit gravitational parameters.", "why_open": "Keplerian consistency is established, but a calculation does not demonstrate the proposed flight capability.", "next_step": "Check assumptions against a documented orbit and keep consistency separate from operational verification.", "id": "idea-140", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Motion and structures", "chapter": "Falling around a planet", "chapter_url": "orbits.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Keeping moisture inside a package", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Compare moisture retention, barrier performance and easy opening.", "why_open": "The proposed coating and oxygen-removal process have no validated food-packaging data.", "next_step": "Specify material permeability and processing conditions before evaluating package performance.", "id": "idea-141", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "Materials that respond", "chapter_url": "materials.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Geometry is not a travel mechanism", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Distinguish a geometrical shortcut from a physical transport mechanism.", "why_open": "No metric, dynamics or energy requirement turns the proposed geometry into travel.", "next_step": "Use explicit geometric examples; require physical equations before evaluating a transport claim.", "id": "idea-142", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "What a model can tell us", "chapter_url": "models.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What can a galaxy image tell us?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Compare possible explanations for a galaxy's visible shape.", "why_open": "The proposed coupling mechanism has no equations or observational prediction.", "next_step": "Define a testable morphology prediction and compare it with conventional alternatives.", "id": "idea-143", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Earth and planetary science", "chapter": "Reading a distant world", "chapter_url": "worlds.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "From quantum randomness to large systems", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Separate quantum randomness from amplification and purposeful control.", "why_open": "Randomness alone supplies no defined mechanism linking the proposed microscopic process to agency.", "next_step": "Specify measurable variables and causal predictions; do not infer control merely from uncertainty.", "id": "idea-144", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "What a model can tell us", "chapter_url": "models.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why brightness scales run backwards", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A magnitude scale makes large brightness ranges manageable.", "why_open": "The convention is established; the project's calibration and examples still need review.", "next_step": "Check worked flux-to-magnitude examples against calibrated photometry.", "id": "idea-145", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Navigation and measurement", "chapter": "Finding direction from the stars", "chapter_url": "stars.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What makes a physical model testable?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A physical theory needs quantities that can be predicted and measured.", "why_open": "Symbolic formulas and cosmic histories are described, but no sufficiently specified quantitative model connects them to a discriminating measurement.", "next_step": "Define the variables, units, governing equations and a measurable prediction before attempting a physical simulation.", "id": "idea-146", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "What a model can tell us", "chapter_url": "models.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Pressure, phase changes and mass-energy", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Pressure can change a material's phase without converting its mass into usable energy.", "why_open": "The proposed conversion has no specified mechanism or measured energy balance.", "next_step": "Separate known phase transitions from the unsupported conversion and request measurable inputs and outputs.", "id": "idea-147", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Where the energy comes from", "chapter_url": "energy.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Where does an amplifier get its energy?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "An amplifier requires an energy supply, even when its output exceeds its input signal.", "why_open": "The proposed crystal device lacks a reaction, power measurements and mass accounting.", "next_step": "Specify the energy source and a complete input-output measurement protocol.", "id": "idea-148", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Where the energy comes from", "chapter_url": "energy.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Standing waves and the limits of analogy", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Standing waves offer a clear example of interference.", "why_open": "Extending that analogy into a cosmological mechanism lacks fields, coupling and predictions.", "next_step": "Keep the wave demonstration separate until a mathematical mechanism is supplied.", "id": "idea-149", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Finding a faint signal", "chapter_url": "signal.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Information, time and measurable quantities", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Information and time claims become testable only through operational definitions.", "why_open": "No observable or governing equation defines the proposed relationship.", "next_step": "Define what an instrument would measure and what result would contradict the claim.", "id": "idea-150", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "What a model can tell us", "chapter_url": "models.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Transport is not the same as magnetic deflection", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Magnetic deflection and transport are different physical operations.", "why_open": "The transport proposal has no measured source or mechanism and adds no distinct supported project.", "next_step": "Retain the exclusion record; cover magnetic deflection in established physics lessons.", "id": "idea-151", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Moving material through pipes", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Particles can be conveyed through pipes using a moving gas.", "why_open": "The proposed additional plasma or aerosol functions have no operating conditions or measurements.", "next_step": "Specify particle properties, flow and pressure losses before judging performance.", "id": "idea-152", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Robots and automated systems", "chapter": "How machines coordinate work", "chapter_url": "workflows.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "How much power does hovering require?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Hovering requires a momentum flow and an associated power budget.", "why_open": "A conventional calculation is available, but it does not validate the proposed engine.", "next_step": "Compare clearly defined mass-flow and thrust assumptions with documented propulsion benchmarks.", "id": "idea-153", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Motion and structures", "chapter": "What keeps a machine in the air?", "chapter_url": "hover.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Can a game adapt to its player?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A game can adjust its difficulty in response to a player's actions.", "why_open": "The proposed adaptation rules and mental-health benefits have not been tested.", "next_step": "Define transparent adjustment rules and evaluate usability separately from health outcomes.", "id": "idea-154", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How learning changes with feedback", "chapter_url": "learning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Drawing with light and electric charge", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Electrophotography turns a light pattern into a charge pattern and then a visible image.", "why_open": "The physical process is established; the project's demonstration has not been built or measured.", "next_step": "Document each stage and compare image quality with a conventional copier.", "id": "idea-155", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Turning signals into records", "chapter_url": "records.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Making an image inside the paper", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A recording sheet can form colour through a local chemical change.", "why_open": "The proposed paper composition, activation method and durability are unspecified.", "next_step": "Obtain a material specification before comparing contrast and ageing with commercial recording media.", "id": "idea-156", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Turning signals into records", "chapter_url": "records.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Can heating bend light?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Heating a gas can create a refractive-index gradient that bends light.", "why_open": "The proposed distributed heating arrangement lacks absorption and control specifications.", "next_step": "Define the temperature field, optical path and feedback before predicting image quality.", "id": "idea-157", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Bending light with a gradient", "chapter_url": "gradient.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "The energy cost of melting a tunnel", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Excavation by melting requires both an energy budget and somewhere for displaced material to go.", "why_open": "No validated mechanism supports the proposed low-temperature melting or material conversion.", "next_step": "Start with rock properties and ordinary heat and material balances.", "id": "idea-158", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Where the energy comes from", "chapter_url": "energy.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Propulsion and the need for a momentum balance", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A propulsion claim needs a complete momentum balance.", "why_open": "A secondary magnetic field alone does not specify how net thrust would arise.", "next_step": "Identify the external interaction or expelled momentum before calculating propulsion.", "id": "idea-159", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Motion and structures", "chapter": "What keeps a machine in the air?", "chapter_url": "hover.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "When a shape has infinite volume", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A geometric shape must have finite dimensions before it can describe a physical object.", "why_open": "The consistency calculation addresses geometry, not a propulsion mechanism.", "next_step": "Review the domain and volume calculation and keep propulsion conclusions outside its scope.", "id": "idea-160", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "What a model can tell us", "chapter_url": "models.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why a force on one wire is not net thrust", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A magnetic force on one wire segment does not establish net thrust on a complete circuit.", "why_open": "The available result is a calculation; no force measurement validates a device.", "next_step": "Model the return path and supports and compare the full-system force balance.", "id": "idea-161", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Motion and structures", "chapter": "What keeps a machine in the air?", "chapter_url": "hover.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Testing analogies about societies", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Social analogies cannot establish a universal ranking of cultural development.", "why_open": "The proposed stages have no validated measurements and impose an unsupported hierarchy.", "next_step": "Retain the exclusion and use clearly defined social measurements elsewhere.", "id": "idea-162", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Why we attribute intentions to objects", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "People sometimes attribute intentions to objects.", "why_open": "That research topic does not establish the proposed clinical chain of causes.", "next_step": "Review controlled evidence for the specific causal claim before making an application claim.", "id": "idea-163", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "Different ways to sense the world", "chapter_url": "senses.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Collective consciousness as an unmeasured claim", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "A claim about collective consciousness would need a defined observable.", "why_open": "No independent evidence or operational definition supports a distinct project.", "next_step": "Keep the exclusion documented; do not present a simulation as evidence for the claim.", "id": "idea-164", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "How radio waves travel", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Radio reception depends on frequency, propagation and the complete link budget.", "why_open": "The proposed reception case has neither a recorded signal nor enough link parameters.", "next_step": "Specify transmitter, path, antenna, bandwidth and receiver noise before estimating reception.", "id": "idea-165", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "How radio signals travel", "chapter_url": "radio.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What a receiver must know about a weak signal", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A weak-signal receiver needs an architecture matched to the signal and noise.", "why_open": "No distinct receiver design is specified for this proposal.", "next_step": "Define bandwidth, sensitivity and processing requirements before selecting a receiver model.", "id": "idea-166", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "How radio signals travel", "chapter_url": "radio.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "When the ionosphere reflects radio", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Ionospheric propagation depends on electron density and geometry.", "why_open": "The available calculation uses assumed conditions and does not verify a particular reception event.", "next_step": "Compare the conditional calculation with measured propagation conditions and a complete path model.", "id": "idea-167", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "How radio signals travel", "chapter_url": "radio.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Turning sound into a visible record", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Sound may be encoded into a visible optical record.", "why_open": "The proposed tape has no specified composition, motion, readout or frequency response.", "next_step": "Define an encoding and playback chain before evaluating fidelity.", "id": "idea-168", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Turning signals into records", "chapter_url": "records.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "How accurately can we scan and copy a shape?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Scanning and reconstructing a shape can be evaluated by geometric error.", "why_open": "The synthetic benchmark covers geometry, not molecular scanning or replication.", "next_step": "Test reconstruction on measured reference shapes and keep molecular claims separate.", "id": "idea-169", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "From raw material to useful shape", "chapter_url": "making.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Finding damage before attempting repair", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Reliable repair starts with detecting and locating damage.", "why_open": "The proposed autonomous membrane repair has no demonstrated repair mechanism.", "next_step": "Specify damage detection and repair chemistry separately before an inert-sample evaluation.", "id": "idea-170", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Motion and structures", "chapter": "Why structures stay standing", "chapter_url": "structure.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What makes a surface suitable for a road?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A road surface must balance grip, durability and resistance to thermal stress.", "why_open": "The ability to melt silica does not establish a suitable road material.", "next_step": "Review friction, fracture and temperature-cycle data for a specified composition.", "id": "idea-171", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "What a surface can do", "chapter_url": "surfaces.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "How a robot corrects its path", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Feedback can help a robot correct its path after a disturbance.", "why_open": "Synthetic navigation comparisons do not establish performance of the proposed vehicle or communications.", "next_step": "Compare a defined controller with a baseline using measured noise and delays.", "id": "idea-172", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Robots and automated systems", "chapter": "How a robot corrects its path", "chapter_url": "robot.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What a sanitation system must demonstrate", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "A sanitation system needs defined treatment steps and measurable outcomes.", "why_open": "The invasive proposal lacks specifications and validation, with no distinct supported benefit.", "next_step": "Retain the exclusion; discuss conventional waste treatment in the resource-loop chapter.", "id": "idea-173", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Following a spiral without losing the track", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A spiral recording path requires position and timing precision.", "why_open": "The phase-drift study uses illustrative targets, not measured recording hardware.", "next_step": "Check tolerances against a specified optical system and verify them on calibration patterns.", "id": "idea-174", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Turning signals into records", "chapter_url": "records.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Proving that a message has not changed", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "An integrity check can detect changes to a digital message under stated assumptions.", "why_open": "The conventional prototype does not validate an unspecified exchange system.", "next_step": "Review the threat model and distinguish integrity from sender authentication.", "id": "idea-175", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "How to trust a record", "chapter_url": "trust.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Recording permission is not proving identity", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Consent, recording and proof of identity are separate requirements.", "why_open": "No authentication or replay-protection architecture is specified.", "next_step": "Define identities, permissions, freshness checks and revocation before implementation.", "id": "idea-176", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "How to trust a record", "chapter_url": "trust.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why a copied seal is not authentication", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A visible seal is easy to copy and cannot by itself authenticate a message.", "why_open": "The proposed mark supplies no cryptographic binding to content or sender.", "next_step": "Demonstrate copyability and compare with standard authenticated-message verification.", "id": "idea-177", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "How to trust a record", "chapter_url": "trust.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Combining sensors that see different things", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Different sensors may provide complementary views of the same scene.", "why_open": "No benchmark has measured a benefit from the proposed sensor combination.", "next_step": "Compare individual sensors and fusion on the same labelled cases with held-out evaluation.", "id": "idea-178", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Navigation and measurement", "chapter": "When sensors disagree", "chapter_url": "fusion.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Teaching a classifier to say unknown", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A classifier can decline to answer when evidence is weak.", "why_open": "The proposed uncertainty handling has no evaluated coverage or error rates.", "next_step": "Measure error versus abstention on held-out data and unfamiliar cases.", "id": "idea-179", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Navigation and measurement", "chapter": "When sensors disagree", "chapter_url": "fusion.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Measuring temperature through a phase transition", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A material transition can provide a temperature reference within a defined operating range.", "why_open": "Published material properties do not validate the proposed thermometer.", "next_step": "Specify the material state and readout, then compare repeatability with a calibrated reference.", "id": "idea-180", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "How do we know the temperature?", "chapter_url": "temperature.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Listening for structural change", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Changes in vibration can indicate changes in a structure.", "why_open": "Synthetic detection results depend strongly on the assumed stiffness loss.", "next_step": "Compare predictions with an instrumented inert structure and measured environmental variation.", "id": "idea-181", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Motion and structures", "chapter": "Why structures stay standing", "chapter_url": "structure.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What brain recordings can and cannot show", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Brain recordings require careful validation before interpreting what they encode.", "why_open": "The available public-data result does not establish reliable thought decoding or generalisation.", "next_step": "Review subject-independent evaluation, leakage controls and negative results before any application claim.", "id": "idea-182", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "What a biological measurement means", "chapter_url": "biosignals.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "How different senses detect physical signals", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Different senses respond to different measurable physical signals.", "why_open": "The proposed anatomical counts and extra capabilities have no supporting measurements.", "next_step": "Separate established sensory modalities from unsupported capabilities and review each measurable claim.", "id": "idea-183", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "Different ways to sense the world", "chapter_url": "senses.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "A mobile camera is a sensing system", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A mobile camera combines sensing, transmission and movement.", "why_open": "The proposal lacks a platform, operating environment and latency budget.", "next_step": "Specify camera performance, communications delay and movement constraints.", "id": "idea-184", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Robots and automated systems", "chapter": "How a robot corrects its path", "chapter_url": "robot.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Keeping wearable sensors in sync", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Wearable sensors need shared timing to combine their readings meaningfully.", "why_open": "Timing and telemetry targets remain untested, and miniaturisation claims have no measured support.", "next_step": "Benchmark clock drift, packet loss and power demand in a defined nonclinical setup.", "id": "idea-185", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Navigation and measurement", "chapter": "When sensors disagree", "chapter_url": "fusion.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "A thermometer needs a readable signal", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A temperature sensor needs an observable signal that can be calibrated.", "why_open": "The proposed crystal method does not identify a transducer, readout or measurable response.", "next_step": "Request crystal composition, signal type, operating range and calibration data without guessing a mechanism.", "id": "idea-186", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "How do we know the temperature?", "chapter_url": "temperature.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Can a feeling be reduced to one number?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A numerical score for a subjective feeling needs evidence that it measures the intended experience.", "why_open": "No cortical signal or validated scale defines the proposed pleasure measurement.", "next_step": "Define the construct and measurement validity before proposing a device or predictive model.", "id": "idea-187", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "What a biological measurement means", "chapter_url": "biosignals.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Detecting a faint signal in noise", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A threshold can separate candidate signals from noise, with false alarms and missed detections.", "why_open": "The generic model does not establish detection performance for an unspecified real signal.", "next_step": "Evaluate an explicit signal and noise model on labelled data and report both error types.", "id": "idea-188", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Finding a faint signal", "chapter_url": "signal.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What a non-detection actually tells us", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A non-detection constrains only what the search was capable of finding.", "why_open": "The searched range and sensitivity are not enough to support a universal absence claim.", "next_step": "State coverage, detection probability and excluded parameter ranges.", "id": "idea-189", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Finding a faint signal", "chapter_url": "signal.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why short and long pulses need a codebook", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Pulse timing and separators determine how a sequence maps to a codebook.", "why_open": "No original waveform is available to resolve a specific ambiguous decoding.", "next_step": "Use documented synthetic pulse sequences and state the decoding assumptions.", "id": "idea-190", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "When a signal becomes a message", "chapter_url": "meaning.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Keep the raw signal", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Keeping raw data and acquisition metadata allows independent reanalysis.", "why_open": "The principle is established, but the proposed record lacks a complete reproducibility package.", "next_step": "Define raw-data formats, calibration, timestamps and transformations before publishing a result.", "id": "idea-191", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Information, models and evidence", "chapter": "How to trust a record", "chapter_url": "trust.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Recording sound on a stationary plate", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A stationary recording plate can be explored through an optical spiral-scan model.", "why_open": "The shared calculation tests chosen phase-drift assumptions, not a working recorder.", "next_step": "Specify recording and playback hardware and test timing tolerances; avoid counting the shared calculation twice.", "id": "idea-192", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "Turning signals into records", "chapter_url": "records.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Choosing an audience for an announcement", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Selecting an audience is a communications decision.", "why_open": "The proposal does not define a scientific intervention, outcome or engineering system.", "next_step": "Keep the exclusion record and do not count it as an unfinished research project.", "id": "idea-193", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Representing a society as a network", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A network can represent relationships within a group.", "why_open": "The proposed social interpretation lacks defined nodes, links and supporting data.", "next_step": "Specify the population and meaning of each link before making causal claims.", "id": "idea-194", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How groups make decisions", "chapter_url": "collective.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "When a network diagram becomes a forecast", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A network diagram becomes a forecast only when it has a tested predictive model.", "why_open": "The eleven-node sketch lacks weights, observations and validation.", "next_step": "Define a measurable target and compare out-of-sample forecasts with a simple baseline.", "id": "idea-195", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How groups make decisions", "chapter_url": "collective.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Turning sunlight into useful heat", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Concentrated sunlight can supply useful heat.", "why_open": "Site area alone does not determine output, and the proposed efficiency is unmeasured.", "next_step": "Specify sunlight, collection area, optical losses and operating temperatures for an energy balance.", "id": "idea-196", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Turning sunlight into useful heat", "chapter_url": "radiation.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why objects return different radar echoes", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Material, shape and viewing angle affect a radar echo.", "why_open": "No measured signature or specified switching mechanism supports the proposed device.", "next_step": "Define frequency, geometry and material properties before any quantitative reflection comparison.", "id": "idea-197", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "Finding a faint signal", "chapter_url": "signal.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Heat, exposure time and microbial reduction", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Microbial reduction depends on exposure conditions, not visible glow alone.", "why_open": "The proposed thermal cycle has no microbiological validation.", "next_step": "Review organism-specific evidence and instrumented temperature histories; avoid inferring sterility from appearance.", "id": "idea-198", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Resources and living environments", "chapter": "Keeping food and spaces clean", "chapter_url": "hygiene.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "How layered shields manage heat", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Layered thermal protection can delay or redistribute heat transfer.", "why_open": "Conventional models do not verify the proposed melting limits or ablation performance.", "next_step": "Specify layers and boundary conditions and compare model predictions with published material tests.", "id": "idea-199", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Following the heat", "chapter_url": "heat.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What makes a protective coating useful?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A temporary floor coating is described as protecting tiles and providing a surface for meals. A separate account describes a foam-applied floor patch used for rest and reportedly absent the next morning. These are different uses; the accounts do not establish that the materials are the same.", "why_open": "The proposed materials lack composition and measured performance. The reported disappearance does not explain how the patch was removed or establish that it decomposed by itself. Thickness, cushioning, comfort and protective performance are not demonstrated.", "next_step": "Identify the intended use and any existing material or condition records before selecting comparisons. A conventional removable floor covering could illustrate coverage and residue, but would not validate either account or show that the proposed patch is suitable for meals or sleep.", "id": "idea-200", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Materials and fabrication", "chapter": "What a surface can do", "chapter_url": "surfaces.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Planning observations in stages", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Staged observation can allocate effort from broad screening to focused checks.", "why_open": "The proposed decision funnel has no measured advantage or specified selection algorithm.", "next_step": "Define decision rules and compare cost and missed cases with a baseline workflow.", "id": "idea-201", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Learning and collective decisions", "chapter": "How groups make decisions", "chapter_url": "collective.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "An invalid medical intervention", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Medical proposals require a valid indication and evidence of benefit.", "why_open": "The proposed alteration of sexual orientation has no valid clinical basis or supporting evidence.", "next_step": "Keep this proposal excluded; do not derive an intervention or experiment from it.", "id": "idea-202", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Why contact time matters in heat transfer", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Contact duration and material properties change how much heat is transferred.", "why_open": "The proposed explanation is incomplete and cannot establish human protection.", "next_step": "Use inert-material transient models and measured material properties, without human exposure demonstrations.", "id": "idea-203", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Energy and heat", "chapter": "Following the heat", "chapter_url": "heat.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "How long does a signal take to arrive?", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "A signal takes a finite time to cross a known distance.", "why_open": "The calculation is established, but assumed dates and distance do not independently measure a journey.", "next_step": "Show the dependence on distance and timing uncertainty and separate calculation from observation.", "id": "idea-204", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Sound and communication", "chapter": "How radio signals travel", "chapter_url": "radio.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "What would a travel-time claim require?", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "A travel-time claim needs geometry, a physical mechanism and independent observations.", "why_open": "The proposed travel mechanism supplies no metric or energy budget for a faithful model.", "next_step": "Retain the exclusion; use ordinary kinematics for clearly specified journeys.", "id": "idea-205", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Why an unexplained observation stays unexplained", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "An unexplained observation is a statement of uncertainty.", "why_open": "No calibrated observations support a distinct science project here.", "next_step": "Keep the exclusion traceable and teach measurement uncertainty through documented datasets.", "id": "idea-206", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Navigation close to the ground", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Navigation near the ground depends on sensing, delay and stopping or avoidance capability.", "why_open": "The proposed operating altitude and accident probability have no measured support.", "next_step": "Evaluate a defined simulated vehicle under explicit obstacle and latency assumptions.", "id": "idea-207", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Robots and automated systems", "chapter": "How a robot corrects its path", "chapter_url": "robot.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Building an immersive view", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Immersive displays combine field of view, spatial cues and rapid image updates.", "why_open": "The technology is established, but the proposed display has no measured performance.", "next_step": "Specify resolution, field of view and latency and compare them with documented display measurements.", "id": "idea-208", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "How two views create depth", "chapter_url": "stereo.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Why two images can create depth", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Different images delivered to two eyes can create a sense of depth.", "why_open": "The proposed viewing and gaze-tracking arrangement lacks an optical specification.", "next_step": "Define eye geometry, image separation and tracking accuracy before predicting depth quality.", "id": "idea-209", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Light and imaging", "chapter": "How two views create depth", "chapter_url": "stereo.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Cleaning needs a measured process", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Cleaning performance must be measured for a defined process.", "why_open": "The combined body-exposure proposal lacks a validated architecture or distinct supported benefit.", "next_step": "Retain the exclusion and use established hygiene evidence in the relevant chapter.", "id": "idea-210", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Closing the water and waste loop", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Resource recovery requires tracking water, gases, solids and energy.", "why_open": "The proposed conversion of waste into oxygen has no specified process or complete balance.", "next_step": "Define the treatment stages and close element and energy balances before estimating recovery.", "id": "idea-211", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Resources and living environments", "chapter": "Can we close the resource loop?", "chapter_url": "loops.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Can discarded textiles become fuel?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Converting textiles into fuel depends on feedstock chemistry and energy inputs.", "why_open": "Acid treatment alone does not establish the proposed hydrogen yield.", "next_step": "Specify reactions and product streams, then compare a mass-energy balance with documented processes.", "id": "idea-212", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Resources and living environments", "chapter": "Can we close the resource loop?", "chapter_url": "loops.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "Conservation laws in waste treatment", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "Waste treatment must obey conservation of elements and energy.", "why_open": "The proposed elemental conversion has no specified reaction, sensor or supporting evidence.", "next_step": "Keep it excluded and cover ordinary resource balances separately.", "id": "idea-213", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "An unsupported directed-energy claim", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "A directed-energy device claim would require a defined architecture and measurements.", "why_open": "The unsupported proposal offers no constructive project aligned with this site's purpose.", "next_step": "Retain the exclusion; do not develop a weapon design.", "id": "idea-214", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Set-aside decisions", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Outside the chapter programme" }, { "title": "Hearing a sound is not obeying it", "category": "needs_review", "summary": "Detecting a sound and responding in a particular way are different outcomes.", "why_open": "Sensory comparisons do not verify the proposed behavioural control.", "next_step": "Review species-specific hearing and controlled behavioural evidence separately.", "id": "idea-215", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Life and biological measurement", "chapter": "Different ways to sense the world", "chapter_url": "senses.html", "chapter_status": "Available" }, { "title": "A calculated result is not a judgment", "category": "not_pursued", "summary": "A computer can apply rules to recorded information, but a calculated result does not establish what someone intended or whether a judgment is fair.", "why_open": "The source accounts leave an unresolved tension: one assigns criminal-responsibility decisions to computers; another says intention cannot be known and describes decisions based on harm, circumstances and personal characteristics. No decision algorithm, test data or validation is supplied.", "next_step": "Retain this as an excluded proposal. The useful question is how to distinguish recorded facts, assumptions and judgments; no automated sentencing, punishment or coercive intervention is proposed.", "id": "additional-001", "category_label": "Not pursued", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "evidence.html#scores", "related_content_title": "A score needs a purpose", "related_content_scope": "Explains why a score needs an independently defined purpose and criterion; it does not audit automated criminal-responsibility decisions or establish sentencing fairness in any jurisdiction." }, { "title": "Can a material preserve a record of past radiation?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A mark in a material is an observation. Estimating an earlier radiation field also requires knowing how the material responds, how old it is and what other processes could leave similar marks.", "why_open": "The source specifically names cesium-oxide minerals and claims that traces can preserve a record of earlier radiation. The material identification and measurement are not independently verified; neither an ancient radiation intensity nor a biological consequence has been established. No exposure or protection guidance follows.", "next_step": "Before assessing a historical-radiation method, obtain identified samples, trace measurements, calibration, dating and uncertainty. No such dataset is supplied here.", "id": "additional-002", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "attenuation.html#evidence", "related_content_title": "From radiation to inherited change: several separate questions", "related_content_scope": "The radiation chapter separates a proposed radiation history from the later biological conclusions drawn from it. It does not verify a mineral-based measurement of past radiation." }, { "title": "A wavelength is not yet a length standard", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A length can be defined as a fixed number of wavelengths. Reproducing that length requires an identifiable radiation reference and specified measurement conditions.", "why_open": "The source defines a quantity using the spelling ENMOO, then prints “EMOO = 1.873658 m.” Whether the two spellings denote the same unit is unclear. The claimed radiation reference has no supplied spectrum, measurement procedure, frame convention or uncertainty. A precise printed conversion does not establish a reproducible standard.", "next_step": "Document the reference, conditions, comparison method and uncertainty before assessing whether different measurements reproduce the same length. The linked chapter explains this measurement question; it does not validate the proposed unit.", "id": "additional-003", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": "Counting is not measuring", "chapter_url": "measurement.html", "chapter_status": "Available", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "measurement.html", "related_content_title": "Counting is not measuring", "related_content_scope": "Explains operational measurement references, conditions and reproducibility; it does not validate the proposed radiation reference or establish a new length standard." }, { "title": "A waking routine does not establish an injury claim", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Learning a routine and showing that a device causes injury require different evidence.", "why_open": "The proposal supplies no defined exposure, physiological measurements or comparative evidence for its alarm-related injury claim.", "next_step": "Keep the claim unvalidated. Do not turn a reported waking routine into medical advice; any evaluation would need a clearly defined question and appropriate evidence.", "id": "additional-004", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": "How learning changes with feedback", "chapter_url": "learning.html", "chapter_status": "Available", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "learning.html", "related_content_title": "How learning changes with feedback", "related_content_scope": "Learning a routine and proving an injury claim require different evidence; this chapter does not test the injury claim." }, { "title": "What would a gravity-based message link require?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A message needs a physical signal, a way to change it and a receiver that can distinguish the changes from noise. The proposal invokes a gravitational effect without specifying how this communication chain would work.", "why_open": "No transmitter, receiver, modulation rule, energy budget or recorded reception is supplied. An analogy with heating does not establish a communication channel.", "next_step": "Define a measurable signal and complete link model before assessing any performance claim. No working device or useful data rate is established.", "id": "additional-005", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "radio.html#study", "related_content_title": "Four quantities. Four different questions.", "related_content_scope": "Shows how a radio-frequency electromagnetic link can be specified and tested; it demonstrates no gravitational communication mechanism, transmitter, receiver, modulation method or reception." }, { "title": "How can we check a claim about grammar?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Some languages express grammatical distinctions differently. A claim about missing articles or how gender is marked needs many interpretable examples, not just a statement that the rules exist.", "why_open": "No reliable word list, contrasting forms or sufficiently documented corpus establishes the proposed article and gender rules. The terminology itself is ambiguous.", "next_step": "Collect independently interpretable examples and document segmentation, meanings and counterexamples. Keep article use and gender marking as separate questions.", "id": "additional-006", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "evidence.html#language", "related_content_title": "One example cannot establish a grammar", "related_content_scope": "Uses a limited teaching example to explain why grammar claims need interpretable examples and counterexamples; it does not test the proposed article or gender rules or provide a validated corpus." }, { "title": "What makes a vehicle able to walk?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Articulated legs can move a body only if their motion, support and power supply work together. The proposal includes a drawing of a legged vehicle and a separate mention of large vehicles with multiple legs; neither shows how they keep their balance or carry a load.", "why_open": "No gait, actuator specification, load, power requirement or stability measurements are supplied. The later mention adds no mechanism or dimensions. Repeating the description and referring to other robot-navigation models do not fill those gaps.", "next_step": "Specify the motion, contact forces and energy assumptions before comparing a bounded model with measurements. No vehicle performance or safety is demonstrated.", "id": "additional-007", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "structure.html#support", "related_content_title": "Static balance on three supports", "related_content_scope": "Explains how a fixed, level three-point support carries a stationary vertical load and why an outside load projection cannot be supported by upward-only contact forces. It does not model walking, gait transitions, actuators, power demand or dynamic vehicle stability, and it demonstrates no vehicle performance or safety." }, { "title": "What would establish a new plant variety or species?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A new-looking flower does not by itself establish a new species. A plant-development claim needs a clear account of what changed and how that change was identified.", "why_open": "No lineage, development method, taxonomic evidence, measured traits or comparative observations are supplied. The mechanism cannot be inferred from the stated objective.", "next_step": "Clarify whether the claim concerns a variety, a hybrid or a species, and identify the observational evidence needed to distinguish them. No biological procedure or successful result is provided.", "id": "additional-008", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "inheritance.html#evolution", "related_content_title": "Evolution has several mechanisms", "related_content_scope": "Explains general mechanisms of evolutionary change; it does not document plant breeding, establish a new flowering-plant species, or validate this source claim." }, { "title": "Does watching wildlife show whether it is recovering?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Seeing an animal more often can mean there are more animals—or that they are easier to spot. Repeated, consistent surveys help tell those explanations apart.", "why_open": "The source suggests surveying and protecting wildlife considered at risk, but gives no survey method, starting count, chance of seeing an animal, named threat or measured conservation outcome. It does not show that a protection plan succeeded.", "next_step": "Choose the species, places, season and observation rules. Record detections and non-detections on repeat visits so a model can estimate how often animals are missed. Keep occupancy (sites where a species occurs) separate from abundance (number of animals). To assess whether protection helped, measure outcomes over time and use a justified comparison.", "id": "additional-009", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": "Seeing more does not always mean more animals", "chapter_url": "earth.html#wildlife-detection", "chapter_status": "Available explanatory section", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "earth.html#wildlife-detection", "related_content_title": "Seeing more does not always mean more animals", "related_content_scope": "Explains detection probability in wildlife surveys; it does not validate the proposed surveillance method." }, { "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "id": "additional-010", "title": "What would an eradication claim have to demonstrate?", "summary": "One proposal targets all pathogenic virus varieties; a broader promise concerns all infectious diseases, including those resistant to existing treatments. These scopes differ: infectious diseases are not limited to viruses. Neither proposal supplies a demonstrated eradication method. A further account repeats broad pathogen-control and immune-system claims without adding a method or an observed outcome.", "why_open": "The proposals give no identified intervention, defined pathogen and host scope, surveillance evidence or observed outcome. A common mechanism is not established. The broader promise does not by itself specify individual-patient treatment or demonstrate successful eradication.", "next_step": "Clarify each target and evidence standard separately before evaluating the claims. Preserve the difference between reducing disease, treating an individual and stopping ongoing transmission. This entry offers no biological intervention, treatment or operational eradication procedure.", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "materials.html#films", "related_content_title": "Keep track of the water. Do not call it shelf life.", "related_content_scope": "This film example concerns a specific surface-transfer model. It does not demonstrate treatment or eradication of infections in people or populations." }, { "title": "What would support a cancer-prevention claim?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Preventing a cancer, detecting it and treating it are different goals. A claim that a technique prevents harmful genetic changes needs a defined intervention and evidence that it reduces a clearly measured outcome. A further account links cancer control to understanding and deliberately changing nuclear DNA sequences, without supplying a target, intervention record or demonstrated clinical result.", "why_open": "No molecular target, intervention, population, comparison or clinical outcomes are supplied. The stated achievement is not demonstrated, and the description provides no usable treatment.", "next_step": "Define exactly what is claimed and examine appropriate existing evidence before assessing it. No personal prevention recommendation, therapy or experimental procedure follows from this proposal.", "id": "additional-011", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "attenuation.html#evidence", "related_content_title": "From radiation to inherited change: several separate questions", "related_content_scope": "This radiation example separates possible DNA and cellular effects from later evidence about populations. It is not evidence for the proposed cancer-prevention intervention or a clinical outcome." }, { "title": "Sensing movement is not the same as enjoying it", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Proprioception is the sense of body position and movement; the vestibular system contributes to balance and orientation. Detecting a small movement, feeling comfortable and becoming sleepy are separate outcomes.", "why_open": "The proposal claims unusually fine movement discrimination and strong pleasant responses to acceleration, alongside discomfort during floating. It supplies no defined stimuli, sensory thresholds, comparison groups or measured sleep outcomes.", "next_step": "Keep movement discrimination, balance and orientation, and emotional or soothing effects separate. Each would need its own clear outcome and appropriate evidence; no exposure exercise or sleep recommendation is provided.", "id": "additional-012", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "senses.html#gravity-orientation", "related_content_title": "Different ways to sense the world", "related_content_scope": "Explains established orientation cues; it does not measure the proposed fine proprioceptive thresholds, comfort or sleep effects under acceleration, or discomfort while floating." }, { "title": "Reading handwriting is an inference", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A handwriting system turns strokes into candidate characters. Storing an image of a page is a different task from correctly reading its words.", "why_open": "No character set, labelled examples, segmentation method or recognition results are supplied. A description of automatic conversion does not establish accuracy.", "next_step": "Define the writing system and assess recognition on independently labelled examples, including unfamiliar handwriting and ambiguous marks. Keep the original image available for checking.", "id": "additional-013", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "substantive_section", "related_content_url": "meaning.html#recognition-errors", "related_content_title": "From a recording to a checked transcript", "related_content_scope": "Explains standard text edit-distance scoring with constructed word and character examples. It does not read handwriting or audio, recover the proposed recognition method, or establish measured accuracy or novelty." }, { "title": "Recording a voice is not transcribing it", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "An audio recording preserves a signal. Transcription interprets that signal as readable language, with possible errors when sounds, speakers or words are unclear.", "why_open": "No vocabulary, language rules, noise conditions, speaker coverage or measured transcription errors are supplied. The recording function does not validate the recognition function.", "next_step": "Specify the intended language and conditions, then compare transcripts with independently checked references. Preserve the audio and indicate uncertainty rather than silently treating every word as certain.", "id": "additional-014", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "substantive_section", "related_content_url": "meaning.html#recognition-errors", "related_content_title": "From a recording to a checked transcript", "related_content_scope": "Explains standard text edit-distance scoring with constructed word and character examples. It does not read handwriting or audio, recover the proposed recognition method, or establish measured accuracy or novelty." }, { "title": "Can one signal describe the whole metabolism?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Metabolism includes many chemical processes in the body. Inferring them from a brain-related electrical signal would require showing which measurable process each feature represents.", "why_open": "The proposal claims broad metabolic information without defining target quantities, sensors, calibration, specificity or independent reference measurements. It does not establish a diagnostic tool.", "next_step": "Separate specific measurable targets and examine whether the proposed signal distinguishes each from other causes of variation. No personal interpretation, diagnosis or clinical procedure is provided.", "id": "additional-015", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "biosignals.html", "related_content_title": "One target is not the whole metabolism", "related_content_scope": "Explains why broad physiological claims need defined targets and independent reference measurements; it validates no specific biomarker, metabolic readout or diagnosis." }, { "title": "A skin pigment needs evidence for its intended use", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A pigment can change the appearance of skin. Describing it as chemically inert does not establish that it is suitable around a surgical procedure.", "why_open": "No formulation, sterility evidence, skin or tissue compatibility data, or assessment of interference with the intended procedure is supplied. The claimed compatibility remains unverified.", "next_step": "Define the material and intended use before evaluating appropriate compatibility evidence. This entry provides no application instructions, product recommendation or clinical safety assurance.", "id": "additional-016", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "materials.html#compatibility-intended-use", "related_content_title": "Compatibility depends on the intended use", "related_content_scope": "Explains why a coloured material intended near a surgical site needs defined composition and evidence for its contact and procedure, and why “inert” does not establish sterility or compatibility. This is general evaluation context only: it supplies no evidence about the source claim, no clinical result, and no assessment that the described pigment is suitable." }, { "title": "Sending measurements is not establishing a diagnosis", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A remote system can receive measurements, but deciding what they mean is a separate task. A diagnosis and a treatment recommendation each require evidence appropriate to the intended patient and condition.", "why_open": "The source sends temperature, a quantity it calls “tension” (possibly pressure in context; sensor and units are unspecified), sweat acidity and cardiac-signal information to a network for diagnosis and prescription. It gives no defined conditions, measurement accuracy, reference diagnosis, independent clinical assessment or patient outcomes.", "next_step": "Clarify the intended clinical question and what the source means by “tension.” Evaluate measurement quality, diagnostic performance and treatment benefit separately. No personal diagnosis, prescription or care guidance follows from this description.", "id": "additional-017", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "biosignals.html", "related_content_title": "Sending measurements is different from making a diagnosis", "related_content_scope": "Separates sensor transmission from clinical interpretation and treatment; no clinical evaluation or patient outcome is supplied for the proposal." }, { "title": "What can an old recording tell us about a person?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Recordings and written accounts can preserve what someone said or did. Inferring their intelligence, brain structure or mental health from those records is a separate claim that needs independent evidence.", "why_open": "The proposed assessment draws conclusions from recordings, biography and statements, but supplies neither the underlying collection nor defined assessment criteria. It does not explain how selective records, historical context or alternative interpretations were handled.", "next_step": "Define the narrow question and check the completeness and context of the records. Separate observations about recorded speech or writing from unsupported conclusions about a person’s health or brain.", "id": "additional-018", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "evidence.html#scores", "related_content_title": "A score needs a purpose", "related_content_scope": "Provides context on intended purpose and independently defined criteria; it does not evaluate historical records or establish intelligence, brain structure or mental-health inferences about a person." }, { "title": "An unprovided method for changing light conditions", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A proposed method is said to protect vision when moving between very different lighting conditions. Brightness changes and ultraviolet exposure are different factors; a protection claim must specify which effect it addresses.", "why_open": "The description promises a later explanation but provides no method, material, measurement or performance data. Its claims about injury and the inadequacy of ordinary sunglasses are not established by the description.", "next_step": "Recover the missing explanation before evaluating any proposed mechanism. Define the intended effect and look for appropriate independent evidence; this entry provides no eye-care advice or recommendation for protective equipment.", "id": "additional-019", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "spectral.html", "related_content_title": "Light depends on wavelength and detector", "related_content_scope": "Provides context on wavelength bands and optical measurements; it does not describe the missing vision-protection method or establish claims about injury, brightness adaptation or sunglasses." }, { "title": "A compact oxygen store is not a complete breathing system", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A wearable device is proposed to supply breathing oxygen from oxygen stored as an extremely cold solid. Storing oxygen and delivering a suitable breathing supply are separate engineering problems.", "why_open": "The description gives no thermal-control design, delivery regulation, usable duration or test results. Its small wearable form does not establish that the proposed system can support breathing.", "next_step": "Look for a defined system boundary and independent evidence for storage, delivery and operating limits. This is an undocumented apparatus claim, not a construction guide or equipment recommendation.", "id": "additional-020", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "life-support.html#model", "related_content_title": "A resource loop needs a complete boundary", "related_content_scope": "Uses a simplified water-recovery model to show why a life-support system needs defined inputs and outputs; it does not model cryogenic oxygen storage, breathing delivery, indoor-air removal or health benefit." }, { "title": "What would complete gestation outside the body require?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "The original claim describes fertilization and complete gestation outside the maternal body, permitted only for maternal illness. A later account describes both laboratory equipment and a biological uterus separated from the woman as technically viable, while saying external gestation is never performed.", "why_open": "The difference between the earlier permitted exception and the later never-performed statement remains unresolved. Neither account supplies a support system, exchange mechanism, developmental observations or independently assessed outcomes. Claimed feasibility, permission and actual use are separate questions.", "next_step": "Review the original descriptions and any existing supporting records to clarify the claimed stages, equipment and practice. Keep laboratory equipment and a detached biological uterus distinct, and do not equate fertilization outside the body with complete gestation. No reproductive procedure or clinical advice is provided.", "id": "additional-021", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "none_mapped", "related_content_url": null, "related_content_title": null, "related_content_scope": null }, { "title": "Does gravity explain how we perceive space?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Our experience of space is not the same thing as a geometric description of the world. This proposal goes further: it claims that gravity acts on nerve endings to generate that experience.", "why_open": "No receptor, physical coupling, measurable neural signal or comparison with other sensory explanations is specified. The role of gravity in balance does not by itself establish this broader claim about spatial perception.", "next_step": "Define the claimed signal and a prediction that distinguishes this explanation from alternatives. Look for existing independent observations before treating the proposal as a sensory mechanism; no human experiment or intervention is proposed.", "id": "additional-022", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": "Different ways to sense the world", "chapter_url": "senses.html#gravity-orientation", "chapter_status": "Context on established orientation cues only; does not validate the broader spatial-perception claim", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "senses.html#gravity-orientation", "related_content_title": "Different ways to sense the world", "related_content_scope": "Provides context on established orientation cues only; it does not validate the broader spatial-perception claim." }, { "title": "A hidden message or a pattern found by searching?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "Ordinary words can carry a concealed message if a decoding rule has been agreed. Finding an interesting pattern after trying many rules is a different situation: the number of attempts matters when judging whether chance could explain it.", "why_open": "A partial rule is supplied: words with an even number of letters give 0, and words with an odd number give 1. That produces bits, not yet an independently recovered message. The exact selected text, rules for counting letters, grouping of bits, decoding codebook and recovered output remain unavailable. The claim that chance is very unlikely also lacks a defined comparison model and an account of the alternative interpretations tried. A later source account separately claims that phone voice reveals a speaker’s “neuromental structure” and that a stone inscription was chosen to influence its recipient. No audio, validated inference method or measured influence is supplied. Those claims are distinct from recording/transcribing speech and from the described text-decoding claim; none is independently confirmed.", "next_step": "Recover the exact text and document the complete extraction and decoding steps before checking new examples. Account for all attempted interpretations and compare results against a declared chance model. No concealed message has been independently recovered here.", "id": "additional-023", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "meaning.html#patternsLab", "related_content_title": "A match can become easy to find", "related_content_scope": "Shows how trying many rules can produce chance patterns; it does not validate the proposed hidden message without the exact source text, fixed decoding rules and independently checked result." }, { "id": "additional-024", "title": "Food capsules selected by blinking", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "The proposed wearable system would move food capsules along a tube to the mouth, with blink sequences selecting capsules and a second tube carrying a nutrient liquid. It describes a different delivery mechanism from a heated-drink dispenser.", "why_open": "No dimensions, delivery rates, control-error measurements, cleaning specification or independently assessed outcomes are supplied. Describing a control gesture does not show that the system can reliably distinguish intentional commands from ordinary blinking.", "next_step": "First recover a complete specification and any existing performance records. Separate capsule transport, command recognition and suitability for the intended user; no working assistive device or clinical benefit has been established here.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "biosignals.html#detector", "related_content_title": "A positive signal is not a certain identification", "related_content_scope": "Provides a general example of signal classification and false positives; it does not demonstrate intentional-blink recognition, capsule delivery, safety or clinical suitability." }, { "id": "additional-025", "title": "Can perceived brightness use one fixed correction factor?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "The proposal says an object is about ten times brighter than it appears because the eye absorbs much of the incoming light. This combines a claim about light transmission with a claim about visual perception.", "why_open": "No measured quantity, wavelength range, viewing conditions or observations support the stated multiplier. The description does not define how its physical brightness and apparent brightness would be compared.", "next_step": "Define the quantities being compared and recover any supporting measurement records. Keep optical transmission, light reaching the retina and reported visual sensation separate; the proposed number is not a validated correction factor.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "spectral.html", "related_content_title": "Light measurements depend on wavelength and response", "related_content_scope": "Provides context on the physical light spectrum and detector response; it does not study visual psychophysics, retinal transmission or establish a fixed brightness-perception factor." }, { "id": "additional-026", "title": "What could a compact hidden-object scanner identify?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "A proposed sensing terminal worn in a ring would describe the shape and material of hidden solid objects. Its sensing mechanism is not specified.", "why_open": "No signal type, source, detector, resolution or material-identification evidence is supplied. An initial report of finding nothing does not establish sensitivity or prove that the interior was empty.", "next_step": "Define separately what is detected, located and identified, then seek calibration and reference-object records. Do not assume this is the same instrument as a later underground imaging proposal.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "imaging.html#methods", "related_content_title": "Separate the limits before comparing a camera", "related_content_scope": "Explains how interaction, detector, resolution and calibration constrain imaging; it demonstrates no ring scanner, hidden-object detection or material-identification performance." }, { "id": "additional-027", "title": "Could many small resonators form a useful microphone?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "The proposal combines 734 sensing cells to cover a claimed 16–19,500 Hz sound range with a nearly uniform response. The lowest-frequency cells are described as not self-resonant.", "why_open": "No measured frequency-response curve, noise level or calibration supports the claimed performance. The stated threshold below 6 dB and cutoff at 118 dB lack a defined decibel reference, so they cannot be treated as measured sound limits.", "next_step": "Specify how each cell converts sound into a reading and how the readings are combined. Recover response, noise, distortion and calibration records before comparing the proposed microphone with an established instrument.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "substantive_section", "related_content_url": "acoustics.html#resonator-bank", "related_content_title": "Small listeners. Different favourite notes.", "related_content_scope": "Illustrates independent damped mechanical responses with assigned parameters. It does not validate the proposed microphone, electrical sensitivity, noise floor, cell count or bandwidth." }, { "id": "additional-028", "title": "What would a helium-based radiation detector measure?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "A proposed liquid-helium sensing element would scan a very broad range of radiation and record frequency, amplitude, phase and time. These are proposed outputs, not supplied measurements.", "why_open": "The description does not explain how incoming radiation becomes a reading or how the outputs are calibrated. Its range ends with an ambiguous beta label, which cannot be assumed to define one continuous electromagnetic band.", "next_step": "Clarify which radiation types and quantities are intended, the sensing mechanism and its usable range. Seek detector-response and calibration records; liquid helium alone does not establish a universal detector.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "attenuation.html#beam", "related_content_title": "What happens to the original beam?", "related_content_scope": "Shows a bounded photon-attenuation and detection example; it does not model a liquid-helium instrument, universal radiation detector, beta detector calibration or the claimed range." }, { "id": "additional-029", "title": "What could reveal nuclear structure inside a pressurized sample?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "An unspecified instrument is claimed to examine atomic nuclei while a sample is under pressure, without inserting a probe into it. This is a proposed measurement capability, not a supplied result.", "why_open": "No signal, sensing method, resolution, calibration or original measurement records explain how the claimed nuclear information was obtained. Applying pressure does not itself demonstrate that nuclear structure was measured.", "next_step": "Identify the physical quantity actually observed and how it would support the claimed interpretation. Seek instrument documentation, reference comparisons and original records before treating this as a demonstrated measurement.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "measurement.html#calibration", "related_content_title": "What belongs with a measurement?", "related_content_scope": "General measurement literacy: an observed quantity, method, reference and uncertainty are required before an instrument reading can support an interpretation. This section does not model nuclear structure, pressure-dependent nuclear observations or the proposed instrument." }, { "id": "additional-030", "title": "What explains a reported telephone interruption?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "A reported telephone interference effect is attributed to abnormal circuit branching and said to depend on the exchange design. No established cause is supplied.", "why_open": "There are no circuit diagrams, signal traces or independent service records linking the interruptions to the proposed explanation. A difference between exchange types does not by itself identify a mechanism.", "next_step": "Review any existing equipment documentation and incident records, separating observed symptoms from proposed causes. Compare ordinary explanations using documented evidence; no interference method or operational test is provided.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "none_mapped", "related_content_url": null, "related_content_title": null, "related_content_scope": null }, { "id": "additional-031", "title": "Could a docking structure disappear and form again?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "The proposal describes a docking structure that would dissolve or disappear and then form again under central control. It supplies no demonstrated material process.", "why_open": "The material inventory, shaping method, energy requirement and restored strength are unspecified. Reforming a shape is different from proving that it can seal, carry loads and survive repeated use.", "next_step": "Define where the material goes and how the structure would be rebuilt. Seek evidence for shape accuracy, joints, sealing, load capacity and repeated cycles; ordinary local repair does not validate complete reconstruction.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "materials.html#idea", "related_content_title": "Name the response. Measure its tradeoffs.", "related_content_scope": "Conventional context for evaluating reversible material changes: specify inputs and outputs, recovery time, repeated cycles, defects and energy or mass costs. It does not demonstrate disappearance, reconstruction, docking, sealing or restored load capacity." }, { "id": "additional-032", "title": "Could joining metal preserve its original properties?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "A proposed process would join or cut metal by rapidly melting its surface beneath a thin layer of inert gas, such as helium or xenon. It claims to preserve elasticity and prevent branching crystal patterns from forming as the metal cools, but supplies no results.", "why_open": "The energy source and melting mechanism are unspecified; flame, electric arc and resistive heating are explicitly excluded. There are no identified alloys, microscope images or mechanical measurements showing that the claimed material properties survive the process.", "next_step": "Review any existing technical description and original records to identify the energy input, material and claimed changes. Compare documented before-and-after material evidence with established joining processes; this is a documentary review, not a procedure for making or testing the proposed device.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "substantive_section", "related_content_url": "strength.html#joining-evidence", "related_content_title": "Joined together. Still the same material?", "related_content_scope": "Explains property-specific evidence and compares a published conventional solid-state joint with base material. It does not validate the unspecified melting process, preserved elasticity or the separate cutting claim." }, { "id": "additional-033", "title": "Can an envelope reveal that it was opened?", "category": "needs_review", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "A sealed and stitched envelope is proposed to make opening noticeable. This is a physical tamper-evidence idea, not a new scientific principle or a guarantee that interference will be detected.", "why_open": "The arrangement and its detection performance are not documented. Ordinary handling could leave damage, while an apparently intact envelope alone cannot prove who sent it, whether its contents are true or whether they stayed confidential.", "next_step": "Clarify which signs would count as possible opening and what original condition was recorded. Assess documented examples against ordinary handling damage and report missed changes as well as false alarms. Keep opening detection separate from sender authentication and confidentiality.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "substantive_section", "related_content_url": "trust.html#physical-seals", "related_content_title": "What can an envelope seal tell you?", "related_content_scope": "Discusses tamper evidence and a possible way to measure false alarms and missed changes; this does not establish performance because no detection rate has been measured for the proposal." }, { "id": "additional-034", "title": "What signal could guide a wearable locator?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "An ear-worn device is described as guiding a group towards a destination. The account does not identify what signal it detects or how that signal becomes a direction.", "why_open": "No transmitter, sensing method, range, accuracy or recorded route establishes the claimed guidance. Distances travelled nearby are not measurements of the device’s detection range.", "next_step": "Seek an original device description and existing observations that identify the signal, reference location and guidance error. Do not assume radio, satellite navigation or any other sensing method from the wearable form alone.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "localization.html#measurement-example", "related_content_title": "Locating yourself is different from locating a transmitter", "related_content_scope": "Explains the distinction between position estimates and a signal source; it does not identify the wearable's signal, range, accuracy or guidance method." }, { "id": "additional-035", "title": "What would establish a claimed destructive security feature?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "An account says that forcing a packet open destroys part of its contents. This describes a claimed outcome, without explaining the physical cause. A separate account claims that equipment destroys itself if it leaves its operators’ control. Loss of control and forced opening are different stated conditions; no shared mechanism is demonstrated.", "why_open": "No material, mechanism, timing or documented before-and-after evidence explains the loss. It is not established whether any separate trigger exists. Loss of contents is a different outcome from making opening visible. The equipment account supplies no verified trigger, timing or event record either.", "next_step": "Review original descriptions and any existing condition records to distinguish reported damage from an inferred mechanism. No construction method, destructive test or security guarantee follows from this account.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "trust.html#physical-seals", "related_content_title": "What can an envelope seal tell you?", "related_content_scope": "The seal example distinguishes signs of possible opening from protection of contents. It does not demonstrate the claimed destructive response or the separate loss-of-control feature." }, { "id": "additional-036", "title": "Could a radioactive marker reveal an insect’s migration?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "The proposal describes radioactively marked insects being detected as they migrate. A marker would need to produce a distinguishable detector signal; the claimed ability to locate them anywhere is not demonstrated.", "why_open": "The isotope, signal strength, detector response, background, range and observed tracks are missing. No measurements establish individual identification or detection regardless of distance and surroundings.", "next_step": "Seek existing study records describing what was marked, what was measured and how detections were distinguished from background. Assess documented tracking limits without assuming unlimited range; no marking or radiological procedure is provided.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "earth.html#wildlife-detection", "related_content_title": "Seeing more does not always mean more animals", "related_content_scope": "Explains how repeated wildlife detections differ from true presence; it is not radiotracer physics or individual migration tracking and establishes no unlimited detection range." }, { "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "id": "additional-037", "title": "What would establish a new nuclear-energy process?", "summary": "Two separate routes are proposed: obtaining useful energy from nuclear fusion, and converting an intense neutron beam into an energy output. Neither route is described as a reproducible working system.", "why_open": "The fusion proposal lacks identified fuels, reaction conditions and a complete energy budget. The neutron-beam proposal lacks the beam’s source-energy requirement and a specified conversion process. No measured net energy gain, efficiency or cleanliness is established; the two routes must not be treated as one demonstrated apparatus.", "next_step": "Seek existing technical descriptions and energy measurements for each route separately. Include the energy needed to supply and operate the system, its useful output and losses before interpreting any gain claim. No reactor design or operating procedure is provided.", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "energy.html#trigger-and-supply", "related_content_title": "Starting a process is not supplying all its energy", "related_content_scope": "Shows why an energy claim needs a complete input-and-output budget; it models neither fusion nor neutron-beam conversion and establishes no net energy output or device." }, { "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "id": "additional-038", "title": "A hypothetical device for treating leukemia", "summary": "An illustrative scenario imagines a device that could treat any form of leukemia. The account says such equipment could be constructed while also saying that the usual treatment would take other routes. It does not establish that this device exists.", "why_open": "No mechanism, constructed prototype, patient evidence, clinical endpoint or measured outcome is supplied. A hypothetical promise of treating an existing disease is different from preventing cancer and cannot establish effectiveness or suitability for any patient.", "next_step": "Keep this as an unverified hypothetical claim. Review any independently available device description and clinical evidence if they emerge; no treatment recommendation, clinical protocol or device-development procedure follows from the scenario.", "related_content_type": "none_mapped", "related_content_url": null, "related_content_title": null, "related_content_scope": null }, { "id": "additional-039", "title": "What would make a neutrino communication link work?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "summary": "The proposal names neutrinos as carriers of information. Specifying a carrier is only one part of a link: a transmitter must encode a message and a receiver must detect and decode it.", "why_open": "No beam characteristics, detector, coding method, measured received signal, data rate or error results establish the proposed apparatus. Demonstrations using other equipment would not validate this unspecified system.", "next_step": "Seek existing technical descriptions and recorded transmission results, keeping the proposed system separate from documented neutrino experiments. Assess the complete transmitter, path and receiver before interpreting a performance claim.", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "substantive_section", "related_content_url": "links.html#neutrino-example", "related_content_title": "Could a message pass through the ground?", "related_content_scope": "Links to a published 2012 neutrino communication experiment; its demonstrated research link does not validate the unspecified proposal." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "id": "additional-040", "title": "How could an image form on a textile?", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "summary": "Two separate explanations are described: chemical staining that would form an original image, and copying an image using a shaped metal form with separately controlled heating, cooling and later finishing. Another account attributes the original image to plant-based substances applied to a body. None of these explanations is established by supplied measurements.", "why_open": "There are no specimens, original image data, measured temperature maps or repeatable results linking either process to the image in question. The stated temperatures lack an explicit scale, and the plant-based explanation supplies no formulation or exposure conditions. The accounts also leave an object-identity conflict unresolved: one claims later replacements, while another treats the surviving textile as the original. This is separate from how an image could form.", "next_step": "Review existing material analyses and records of the textile’s identity and custody, keeping the proposed original staining and later copying processes separate. A possible image-making process would not establish the history of a particular object. Plotting image brightness as height is not independent evidence of physical depth.", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "imaging.html#brightness-depth", "related_content_title": "Brightness drawn as height does not prove physical depth", "related_content_scope": "Shows why a brightness-to-height visualization is not proof of depth; it does not explain textile image formation, authenticate a textile or support either proposed image history." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "id": "additional-041", "title": "An unsupported claim of bodily transfer", "category": "not_pursued", "category_label": "Not pursued", "summary": "Accounts link an emotional state and an alleged change in a specially structured brain to bodily disappearance. They restrict the claim to unusual biology and explicitly rule it out for ordinary humans. A later account revises when the alleged event occurred without independently establishing it or specifying the proposed brain trigger.", "why_open": "No defined trigger, physical model, independent observation or measurement of the body and its claimed destination supports the accounts. Wave and porous-material analogies do not supply a transfer mechanism. A revised sequence of events and an unverified witness estimate are not independent corroboration or evidence of a travel capability or medical effect.", "next_step": "Retain this as a set-aside claim for documentary completeness. No practical application, prototype or intervention in people is proposed. Reconsider its evidential status only if independently assessable observations become available.", "related_content_type": "none_mapped", "related_content_url": null, "related_content_title": null, "related_content_scope": null }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-042", "title": "Could prenatal care remove every developmental risk?", "summary": "A claim combines control of the developing child’s genome with support during pregnancy to prevent all developmental malformations and pathological risks to the mother. No measured outcomes establish this universal prevention claim.", "why_open": "The intervention, affected conditions, population and assessment methods are unspecified. There are no comparisons or follow-up results showing that every claimed risk is prevented. External gestational support and preventing one particular disease would not establish this broader capability.", "next_step": "Review any existing descriptions and outcome records, separating maternal health from development of the child. Define each claimed benefit and look for independently assessed results and remaining risks. This entry provides no reproductive procedure or clinical recommendation.", "related_content_type": "none_mapped", "related_content_url": null, "related_content_title": null, "related_content_scope": null }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-043", "title": "What does making a DNA sequence establish?", "summary": "An account claims that long human gene or nucleotide sequences have been synthesized for biological studies, while discussing a complete human organism hypothetically. A later account claims the broader capability to synthesize a genome, but supplies no completed example.", "why_open": "No sequence, length, assembly-verification record or complete-genome result is supplied. Making a DNA sequence, assembling a complete genome, modifying its functions and establishing development of an organism are different claims; evidence for one would not establish the others.", "next_step": "Seek existing sequence and verification records and identify precisely what material was reportedly made. Keep the asserted sequence work, the broader genome-synthesis capability and the hypothetical whole-organism outcome separate. No biological construction or reproductive procedure is proposed.", "related_content_type": "substantive_section", "related_content_url": "inheritance.html#sequence-evidence", "related_content_title": "A DNA sequence is not the whole story.", "related_content_scope": "Distinguishes sequence agreement, assembly scope, functional evidence and observed outcomes. It does not establish physical genome synthesis, validate the archived claims, or supply a biological construction or reproductive procedure." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-044", "title": "Could electrical differences in the ground supply useful power?", "summary": "Surface metal conductors and buried metal plates are said to collect energy from electrical potentials in the ground. This differs from the separate proposal to obtain energy using coils and a planetary magnetic field.", "why_open": "No measured voltage, current, load or delivered power is supplied. The circuit and energy source are not explained. A voltage difference alone would not establish sustained useful power or an energy advantage.", "next_step": "Review existing circuit descriptions and measurements, identifying where the energy comes from and what power reaches a specified load over time. Keep electrical-potential collection separate from magnetic-field claims; no installation procedure or performance guarantee is provided.", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "energy.html#generator", "related_content_title": "A generator transfers mechanical energy", "related_content_scope": "Explains induced voltage, current under load and input-power accounting in a hypothetical mechanical generator; it does not identify or test the claimed ground-potential source or circuit." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-045", "title": "What would intentional genome changes actually establish?", "summary": "Proposals describe changing genomes to enable stable offspring between hypothetical incompatible groups, deliberately modifying an organism’s own genome, and producing organisms with more complex brains. These are separate proposed outcomes; none is demonstrated in the supplied accounts. Further accounts propose deliberate genetic changes affecting behavior, describe a particular reproductive experiment as biologically incompatible, and claim broad control of cancer, heart disease and infectious agents. The passages do not establish a contradiction or successful capability.", "why_open": "No target changes, verified genome records or measured developmental or cognitive outcomes are supplied. The compatibility proposal is conditional and expressly restricted. More complex brain structure would not by itself establish improved intelligence or consciousness. Related entries 010 and 011 separately record unsupported pathogen/immune and cancer/DNA promises; the added heart-disease-control claim is not a clinical result. Another account rejects near-term spontaneous genome change while describing distant controlled genetic change said to affect behavior. These distinct assertions provide no methods or outcomes and do not establish a contradiction or a working capability.", "next_step": "Review existing descriptions and independently assessed records to identify exactly what was changed and what outcome was measured. Distinguish genome synthesis from genome modification, and structural claims from functional results. No reproductive procedure, intervention in people or clinical application is proposed.", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "inheritance.html#sequence-evidence", "related_content_title": "Sequence, function and outcome are different evidence questions", "related_content_scope": "Context only: explains why sequence information, physical synthesis, biological function and observed outcomes need separate evidence. It does not demonstrate genome modification, reproductive compatibility, changes in intelligence or behavior, or disease control. This archived claim remains insufficient information." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-046", "title": "Could a porous block store liquid?", "summary": "A proposal names porous blocks as a way to store liquids. The intended function is to hold a liquid within a solid block, but no particular liquid, material or working example is identified.", "why_open": "The account supplies no pore structure, retention mechanism, capacity, leakage measurements or way to recover the liquid. It does not establish an advantage over an ordinary container, and it does not connect the blocks to solar or thermal storage.", "next_step": "Look for an existing material specification and measurements of how much liquid is retained, how much leaks, how much can be recovered and whether the material remains compatible with the liquid. A possible application would be holding and later releasing a specified liquid, conditional on those results; no performance benefit is demonstrated.", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "materials.html#simple-explanation", "related_content_title": "A material can respond in different ways", "related_content_scope": "Provides general context on liquid held within a material network; it does not establish porous-block storage capacity, leakage, recovery, compatibility or launch-system performance." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-047", "title": "Could an antimatter energy system deliver useful power?", "summary": "A proposal describes storing antimatter in a vacuum, suspending it by an unspecified gravitational mechanism, then combining it gradually with ordinary matter and collecting the released energy. The intended application is a power source; no working system is established.", "why_open": "No storage apparatus, production requirements, conversion efficiency, measured output or complete energy balance is supplied. The proposed suspension method is not demonstrated. Describing energy release does not establish that a complete system produces more usable energy than it consumes.", "next_step": "Look for existing apparatus specifications and independently assessable energy measurements, including the cost of producing and maintaining the stored material. Any future power application remains conditional on those missing results; the account provides no construction method or demonstrated advantage.", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "energy.html#trigger-and-supply", "related_content_title": "Starting a process is not supplying all its energy", "related_content_scope": "Provides a general energy-boundary example; it does not model antimatter production, storage, conversion or net-power output." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": "Life-support loops and the water-recovery budget", "chapter_url": "life-support.html#model", "chapter_status": "Related established ISS life-support example; this does not validate the archive’s refuge endurance claim", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-048", "title": "How long could a sealed refuge support its occupants?", "summary": "A proposal describes a stationary underground refuge that supplies oxygen, water, food and energy while the outside environment is contaminated. It mentions an aftermath lasting about 500 days; that is a scenario duration, not a measured endurance result.", "why_open": "No number of occupants, consumption rates, reserves, recycling layout, protective performance or endurance test is supplied. A sealed structure alone does not establish that its occupants can remain supported throughout the stated period.", "next_step": "The linked study compares an explicitly assigned water-throughput model with NASA-reported ISS water-recovery milestones. The input throughput is pedagogical and excludes air, oxygen, food, energy, water quality, spare parts and failures. To assess the archival refuge claim, specify occupants and every resource budget, test integrated systems and backups, and demonstrate health and endurance under defined conditions.", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "life-support.html#model", "related_content_title": "Life-support loops and the water-recovery budget", "related_content_scope": "Provides an established ISS life-support example; it does not validate the archived refuge-endurance claim." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-049", "title": "Could a body signal control typing?", "summary": "An account describes a modified typewriter that supposedly turns changes in an unspecified physiological signal into typing commands. Its possible application would be entering text through a measured body signal rather than pressing ordinary keys.", "why_open": "The signal, sensor and decoding rule are not identified. No typing accuracy, speed, delay, calibration record or demonstration is supplied. The description does not establish whether the signal comes from brain activity, muscles or another source.", "next_step": "Identify the measured signal and intended commands in existing documentation, then seek independent records of correct characters, errors and response time. Accessible text entry is one possible future application to investigate; the account neither specifies that purpose nor demonstrates the device’s capability.", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "biosignals.html#brain", "related_content_title": "A brain recording is not a transcript of thought", "related_content_scope": "Summarizes a bounded EEG classification example and its limits; it does not establish the proposed physiological typewriter signal, sensor, mapping, typing performance or accessibility." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-050", "title": "What would demonstrate repair of injured brain tissue?", "summary": "An account claims that embryonic tissue transplantation and surgery restored a person after an alleged brain injury. The intended outcome is recovery of function. A separate claim about altering memory does not establish that tissue repair occurred.", "why_open": "No clinical record, identified tissue, evidence of tissue survival or integration, independent functional assessment or follow-up is supplied. Neither the alleged injury mechanism nor the claimed recovery is established by the account.", "next_step": "Assess any existing independently reviewed records by separating the injury, tissue changes, functional outcome and follow-up. This entry preserves an unverified repair claim; it supplies no treatment recommendation or procedure, and does not establish a present or future clinical benefit.", "related_content_type": "none_mapped", "related_content_url": null, "related_content_title": null, "related_content_scope": null }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-051", "title": "What would a miniature gas chromatograph need to show?", "summary": "An account describes a small gas chromatograph: an instrument intended to separate a sample into components for analysis. It attributes the compact design to miniaturization and machining using ordinary materials and some conventional parts. The described unit is defective.", "why_open": "No dimensions, sample-handling system, separation column, detector specification, measurement trace or repeatability data is supplied. Compact size and a defective unit do not establish analytical performance, novelty or an advantage over existing instruments.", "next_step": "Look for existing specifications and measurement traces from known samples, including how well nearby components are separated and how repeatable the results are. A possible application is chemical analysis with a compact instrument; portability, accuracy and field usefulness remain unestablished.", "related_content_type": "substantive_section", "related_content_url": "spectral.html#chromatography", "related_content_title": "Let the ingredients arrive at different times.", "related_content_scope": "Explains chromatographic peak overlap using assigned Gaussian curves and explicit width conventions. It does not identify chemicals, recover the proposed instrument, or demonstrate miniaturized hardware performance." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate mathematical topic; no dedicated chapter", "category": "needs_review", "category_label": "Needs deeper review", "title": "When does a mathematical shortcut work?", "summary": "An integral transform rewrites a changing quantity in another mathematical form, which can make some equations easier to solve. The reviewed formulas match a conventional method called the Laplace–Carson transform. Their final identity is correct under stated convergence conditions: the accumulated contributions must remain well defined.", "why_open": "The source sheet leaves important assumptions unstated, and one intermediate step requires a weighting factor that its prose does not specify. The review supplies a proof with sufficient conditions and examples where an unrestricted version would fail. The remaining questions concern the sheet’s explanation and provenance, not whether the proven conditional identity is true. Its mathematical content does not establish a new technology or authenticate its origin.", "next_step": "A teaching example could compare two ways of calculating the response of a simple cooling or control model. This illustrates the conventional transform method, not a device supplied by the sheet. Check the assumptions separately: an ordinary cooling curve that starts above zero does not satisfy the weighted-integral condition at the starting point. Use an explicitly admissible mathematical example to demonstrate the final identity, and compare any prediction about a real object with measurements before claiming practical accuracy.", "id": "additional-052", "related_content_type": "standalone_study", "related_content_url": "transforms.html#study", "related_content_title": "A study of the Laplace–Carson transform", "related_content_scope": "Shows a conditional proof using a conventional transform identity; source attribution remains unresolved and the mathematics is not presented as novel." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-053", "title": "Could a magnetic reading tell similar-looking objects apart?", "summary": "An account claims that magnetic measurements made from orbit could distinguish physical objects from visually similar imitations. Appearance and a magnetic reading are different kinds of information, but the account does not demonstrate that the proposed distinction can be measured from space.", "why_open": "The account supplies no orbital height, expected field strength, background measurements, sensor noise, spatial resolution or independent classification results. Detecting a magnetic change would not by itself identify its cause. No demonstrated discrimination capability follows from the description.", "next_step": "First seek existing measurements and an explicit comparison of signal, background and uncertainty. A civilian teaching example could compare two similar-looking sample objects with different measured magnetic responses. That would illustrate why appearance is not the whole story; it would not establish that those objects could be distinguished from orbit.", "related_content_type": "substantive_section", "related_content_url": "measurement.html#magnetic-reading", "related_content_title": "One reading. More than one explanation.", "related_content_scope": "Illustrates inverse-cube scaling and a nonunique single axial reading in an ideal classroom dipole model. It supplies no measured object classification, sensor detection limit or orbital discrimination capability." }, { "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "category": "insufficient_details", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "id": "additional-054", "title": "Could feelings change how we process information?", "summary": "An account proposes a feedback loop in which cognitive ability increases sensitivity and sensitivity improves the information a person takes in. The terms are not defined well enough to tell whether they refer to emotion, perception, attention or performance on a particular task.", "why_open": "No defined task, participant group, measurement, comparison or causal evidence is supplied. The proposed anatomical explanation is not established by the account. An association between two scores would not prove that one causes the other, or that either measures general intelligence.", "next_step": "Separate the broad claim into clearly measured questions and review relevant independent evidence. One editorial teaching possibility is to compare performance on a learning task under different forms of feedback, while accounting for prior knowledge and other differences. This is a possible research question, not a demonstrated benefit, a clinical assessment or evidence for the proposed anatomical mechanism.", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "evidence.html#association", "related_content_title": "Why an association does not establish a cause", "related_content_scope": "Uses assigned probabilities to show how mixing two contexts can create an association between otherwise independent findings. It provides no observations about feelings, cognitive performance or general intelligence, and does not test the proposed feedback loop or anatomical explanation." }, { "title": "What makes a reference point useful for measurement?", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "An account describes small pieces said to be radioactive, placed as reference or control points for unspecified measurements. Their intended role is to provide a reference, but the account does not establish what was measured or how the pieces were detected.", "why_open": "No identified material, measured emission, detector, reference value, geometry, uncertainty or measurement results are supplied. The description does not establish whether the pieces were spatial markers, instrument checks or something else. A claim of radioactivity alone does not establish a calibrated reference.", "next_step": "Review existing documentation for the measured quantity, detection method and independently recorded results. A separate civilian teaching example could use ordinary visible markers to show how known reference points help compare positions in photographs. That nonradioactive example would explain the role of a reference; it would not validate the account or its proposed material.", "id": "additional-055", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "measurement.html#calibration", "related_content_title": "A conversion is not a calibration", "related_content_scope": "Explains reference measurements and calibration uncertainty; its teaching example does not establish the material, radioactivity, detection, geometry or role of the proposed reference points." }, { "title": "Detecting cosmic neutrinos through secondary particles", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A brief secondhand account proposes detecting high-energy neutrinos from astronomical sources by observing muons produced in their interactions. The earlier document describing the proposed method is unavailable. This is a reported detection idea, not a supplied detector design or measurement.", "why_open": "The detector medium, geometry, energy response, efficiency, exposure and background selection are missing. The account's attribution to nuclear synthesis in radio stars is not established by the available description. No source-specific sensitivity, astronomical identification, originality or historical priority can be inferred.", "next_step": "The linked Earth-science chapter explains IceCube’s secondary-particle method and one published NGC 1068 analysis. This comparison teaches the general detection principle only. To assess the archived account, recover its earlier document and establish its detector, exposure, source attribution, signal selection and background method.", "id": "additional-056", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": "Cosmic neutrinos and how detectors infer them", "chapter_url": "earth.html#astronomy-neutrinos", "chapter_status": "Related established detection method illustrated; archival detector proposal remains unspecified", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "earth.html#astronomy-neutrinos", "related_content_title": "Cosmic neutrinos and how detectors infer them", "related_content_scope": "Uses published IceCube astronomy as a detection example; it does not validate the unspecified historical detector proposal." }, { "title": "When decoding needs several pieces of information", "category": "insufficient_details", "summary": "A described messaging procedure combines an incomplete letter table missing eight consonants, words checked against a book and a later telegram. The account says the recipient must be involved and later telegram words are also needed. The table, book references and complete decoding rules are not supplied.", "why_open": "The available description does not establish separate private shares, a precise mathematical dependency, confidentiality or resistance to altered messages. Checking transcription, identifying a sender and restricting access are separate goals. An incomplete codebook is not proof of a secure secret-sharing scheme, and the stated warning categories do not establish predictive ability.", "next_step": "Current educational use: distinguish missing information from protection against guessing, copying or changing a message, and distinguish transcription checks from sender verification. Possible future teaching extension: publish a fully disclosed synthetic puzzle using benign messages to explore missing inputs and delivery failures. Any modern cryptographic comparison must be a separate design, not a recovered or validated version of this procedure.", "id": "additional-057", "category_label": "Insufficient information", "theme": "Additional reviewed claims", "chapter": null, "chapter_url": null, "chapter_status": "Separate claim; no dedicated chapter", "related_content_type": "contextual_chapter", "related_content_url": "meaning.html#bits", "related_content_title": "65 or A? The bits have not changed.", "related_content_scope": "Demonstrates codebook-dependent decoding and the distinction between bits and interpreted messages; it does not validate a multi-step secure messaging system or establish secrecy, authentication, integrity or forecasting." } ], "related_content_coverage": { "directory_records": 57, "records_with_mapped_related_content": 51, "contextual_chapters": 41, "substantive_sections": 9, "standalone_studies": 1, "records_without_mapped_related_content": 6, "scope": "A related page is not evidence that the source claim is true. Claim assessments remain in each record and its cited review." }, "navigation_updated": "2026-10-02" }